Week 21 A&P
MUST DO Give an example of how the shape of a bone matches its function in the human body
The Appendicular Skeleton Composed of 126 bones Limbs (appendages) Pectoral (Shoulder) girdle Pelvic girdle
The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6a
The Appendicular Skeleton Figure 5.6b
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones Clavicle—collarbone Scapula—shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.21a
Bones of the Upper Limbs Humerus Forms the arm Single bone
Bones of the Upper Limbs Figure 5.22a–b
Bones of the Upper Limbs The forearm has two bones Ulna Medial bone in anatomical position Radius Lateral bone in anatomical position
Bones of the Upper Limbs Figure 5.22c
Bones of the Upper Limbs The hand Carpals—wrist Metacarpals—palm Phalanges—fingers
Bones of the Upper Limbs Figure 5.23
The Appendicular Skeleton Acromion Capitulum Carpals Clavicle Coracoid process Cornoid fossa Cornoid process Deltoid tuberosity Greater tubercle Humerus Lateral epicondyle Medial epicondyle Metacarpals Phalanges Radial tubersoity Radius Scapula Styloid process (Radius) r2 Styloid process (Ulna) s. Trochela t. Ulna q h j (3) k f l b s g o t (5) p (4) r r2 c m n
2. Why is the clavicle at risk to fracture when a person falls on their shoulder? It is a slender bone 3. Why is there generally no problem in the arm clearing the widest dimension of the thoracic cage? The clavicle serves as a brace to hold the arm clear of the thorax 4. What are the total number of phalanges in the hand? 14 5. What is the total number of carpals in the wrist? 8
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones Composed of three pairs of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubis
Bones of the Pelvic Girdle The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis It protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine
#15 Pelvic Girdle (Hip) Figure 7.27a
The Pelvis: Right Coxal Bone Figure 5.24b
Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.24c
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves Table 7.4.2
Pelvic Girdle 6. Compare the pectoral and pelvic girdles for flexibility, security and weight-bearing Pectoral Flexibility is most important, Insecure axial and limb attachment, moderate weight-bearing ability Pelvic Moderate flexibility Secure axial and limb attachments, Massive Weight-bearing ability #7 What organs are protected, at least in part, by the pelvic girdle? Bladder, small intestine and rectum and in females the uterus
Comparison of Male and Female Pelves #8 Distinguish between the true pelvis and the false pelvis The true pelvis is the region inferior to the pelvic brim and is encircled by bone. The false pelvis is the area medial to the iliac bones and superior to the pelvic brim Table 7.4.1
#12 What does Fallen Arches mean? #10 The pelvic bones of a four legged animal, such as a cat or pig are much less massive than those of a human being. Why? The quad-pedal pelvis does not carry as much weight as the bi pedal pelvis #11 A person instinctively curls over their abdominal area when in danger. Why? Abdominal organs have the least protection by the skeletal system #12 What does Fallen Arches mean? A weakening of the tendons and ligaments of the foot
#10 Label the parts of the pelvis and determine if the pelvis is male or female This Pelvis is MALE, because the Acetabula are close together the pubic arch is less than 90 degrees the sacrum is narrow and the pelvic inlet is heart shaped
Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone Femur The heaviest, strongest bone in the body
Bones of the Lower Limbs Figure 5.25a–b
Bones of the Lower Limbs The lower leg has two bones Tibia Shinbone Larger and medially oriented Fibula Thin and sticklike
Bones of the Lower Limbs Figure 5.25c
Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot Tarsals Two largest tarsals Calcaneus (heelbone) Talus Metatarsals—sole Phalanges—toes
Bones of the Lower Limb The foot supports body weight and acts as a lever to propel the body forward in walking and running Figure 5.26