The SESAME* Story *Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Applications in the Middle East Chris Llewellyn Smith Director of Energy Research, Oxford University President SESAME Council

‘Science for Peace’ Two organisations created under the umbrella of UNESCO: CERN Conceived late 1940s - two aims: Enable construction of a facility beyond means of individual members Foster cooperation between peoples recently in conflict SESAME Conceived late 1990s with the same aims: Members: Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Pakistan, Palestinian Authority, Turkey Hope start commissioning mid 2016 It will work politically provided science is first class

Location of SESAME

Observers: Observers: Brazil, China, EU, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Portugal, Russian Federation, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA SESAME is a 3rd generation light-source (‘very powerful flash lamp → microscope’) under construction near Amman BAHRAIN SESAME will foster - science and technology in the Middle East and neighbouring countries (from biology and medical sciences through materials science, chemistry, and physics to archaeology) - cooperation across political divides

Buildings can be used for high-quality Middle East Scientific meetings There are some 60 synchrotron-light sources in the world None in the Middle East  International Collaboration is the obvious way for countries with relatively small scientific communities and/or limited science budgets to build a synchrotron-light source  Broad programmes make synchrotron-light sources ideal facilities for building scientific capacity  SESAME will be a user facility: scientists will typically go to SESAME two or three times a year for a week or two to carry out experiments, in collaboration with scientists from other institutions/countries

The electromagnetic field surrounding the electrons is unable to respond instantaneously when the electrons are deflected; some of the energy in the field keeps going, producing a tangential cone of synchrotron radiation. As the electrons’ energy increases, the cone of radiation narrows, and the radiated power goes up dramatically. In third generation sources, devices in straight sections (wigglers, undulators) put magnetic ‘bumps in the road’ – radiation from successive bumps adds to make much a more intense beam Synchrotron Radiation

Inside the SESAME Experimental Hall - Schematic Shielding houses electron accelerator and storage ring Intense beams of light (infra- red to X-rays) generated by circulating electrons exit through ports in the shielding Shielding houses electron source, pre-accelerator and booster synchrotron

Experimental Hall May 2012 Booster November 2013 Beam stored & brought to full energy (800 MeV) September 2014 The highest energy accelerator in the Middle East

Spain : quadrupoles UK : dipoles Italy : Dipoles power supply France : sextupole coils Israel : power supplies for quadrupole sand sextupoles In Addition Turkey : quadrupole coils Germany: vacuum chambers Pakistan : sextupoles Spain girders Cyprus : sextupoles Collaboration between CERN, SESAME Members and Observers Switzerland: controllers + correctors power supplies First of 16 sectors of the main storage ring at CERN 31 March 2015

X-RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE AND FLUORESCENCE BEAMLINE VFM VCM DCM M-Slt BPM Picture of the pre-aligned Beamline Components in the Test Area VCM: Vertical Collimating Mirror BPM: Beam Position Monitor DCM: Double crystal Monochromator M-Slt: Monochromatic Slits VFM : Vertical Focusing Miroor

Science Beginning with Infra-Red Microscope 11 proposals approved. First experiments in 2014 e.g. Study of breast cancer by Fatemeh Elmi, Assistant Professor, University of Mazandaran, North Iran + Randa Mansour and Nisreen Dahshan, PhD students in the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jordan. Programme with synchrotron-radiation will begin in 2017

Very Brief History of SESAME Convergence of two ideas – build a light source in the Middle East (Abdus Salam – early 1980s) + foster projects that cross divides Original proposal (1997) - rebuild old 0.8 GeV Berlin Synchrotron (BESSY 1) in the Middle East, as basis for a new international organisation, modelled on CERN (Interim) Council established under auspices of UNESCO, followed by international advisory committees decision to build a new 2.5 GeV ring (still using BESSY booster) competitive 3 rd generation facility Ground breaking (2003); completion of building (2008) Commissioning should start mid 2016

SESAME GROUND BREAKING CEREMONY - 6 JANUARY 2003

Training Programme (thanks to external support listed later ) Users’ Meetings, Schools, Workshops, Fellowships, visits to operating light-sources,... are building technical and scientific capacity in the region 1 st Users’ Meeting Amman 2002 SESAME-JSPS School Cairo th Users’ Meeting Amman 2012 Began training accelerator experts who returned to the Middle East Members of SESAME Accelerator Group, 2007 Now Training Scientists Advanced Light Source Users’ Meeting, NSLS

SESAME SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY

SESAME People’s Thoughts Engin Ozdas, Hacettepe University, Ankara: “SESAME has created trust and personal friendships between researchers in the member countries and developed countries, which may help solve regional and global political problems”. “SESAME will provide me a great opportunity to access a synchrotron light source near home. I expect SESAME to support a broad range of science and technology in the Middle East and bring together bright scientific minds”. Azadeh Shahsavar, pictured at the 8 th SESAME Users’ Meeting at Petra (Jordan) in 2009, Iranian PhD student, University of Copenhagen: Eliezer Rabinovici, Hebrew University and Israeli representative on the SESAME Council: “As a string theorist, I work on parallel universes. I was always curious about what a parallel universe was like, and now I know. I'm living in one when I go to SESAME meetings working hand in hand with our neighbours on a common goal, bringing advanced knowledge to our region”.

Archaeology Medicine Environmental Science Energy Science Materials Science Arts Chemistry Physics Synchrotron Radiation SYNCHROTRON RADIATION Cross-Talk Among Disciplines

Life Sciences Drug design: common pathogens and diseases in the region Natural products Materials Science New materials; semiconductors Energy Catalysis Extreme conditions (P/T) Environmental Science Environmental Science Air, soil and water pollution Cultural Heriatge Non-destructive analyses of objects Chemical composition Imaging SESAME Light SESAME’s SCIENCE: Regional Relevance

Beamline Energy Range Source X-ray Absorption Fine Structure/X‐ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XAFS/XRF) 3-30 keVBending magnet Infrared spectromicroscopy (IR) eVBending magnet Materials Science (MS)3-25 keVMulti-pole wiggler Macromolecular Crystallography (MX)4-14 keVBending magnet Small Angle and Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS/WAXS) 8-12 keVBending magnet Extreme Ultraviolet spectroscopy (EUV) eVBending magnet Soft X-ray/Vacuum Ultra-Violet (VUV) keVElliptically polarized undulator PHASE 1 BEAMLINES SESAME Beamlines Chosen by Users (Users’ Meeting 2003)

Energy range: 3-30 keV. Main components from ROBL-ESRF X-RAY ABSORPTION BEAMLINE (BASEMA) Applications: in basic materials science, life sciences and environmental science on the nano- and micro-meter scale. Examples: designing new materials and improving catalysts, e.g. for the petrochemical industries, determining bonding structure and identification of the chemical composition of fossils and of valuable paintings in a non-invasive manner Note: IAEA CRP on: “Absorption and Mobility of Heavy Metals in Soils in Vicinity of Jordan and Yarmouk Rivers” + “Synchrotron Based XRF/XAFS Techniques in Tracking Pollution (Air/Soil) in some Arab Countries” – involves SESAME, Egypt & Jordan; provides access to ELETTRA synchrotron in Italy.

INFRARED BEAMLINE (EMIRA) Energy range: eV. New beamline built from scratch Applications: in molecular biology, environmental studies, materials and archaeological sciences. Examples: studies on cells and tissues without the need for chemical fixing, mapping breast cancer cells; characterization of mineral distribution in plant tissues.

MATERIALS SCIENCE BEAMLINE (SUSAM) Energy range: 3-25 KeV. Main components from Swiss Light Source This beamline is used for collecting powder diffraction (PD) data. PD is a powerful tool for studying disordered/amorphous material on the atomic scale and the evolution of nano- scale structures and materials in extreme conditions of pressure and temperature Examples: development and characterization of new smart materials, characterization of new organo-metalic materials for energy storage

SAXS analysis of proteins involved in Cd tolerance I. Cakmak Aydin M. 2011, Bilecen et al., 2005 Studies on proteins involved in metal homeostasis in wheat XRF analyses for enhancement of Zn content of seeds Control 2μM 5μM 10μM 20μM SAXS/WAXS PROJECTS Courtesy I. Cakmak Increasing Cd concentration→

Support from: SESAME Members Provide operating budget – manpower, consumables, electricity… Capital funding – special contributions from Iran, Israel, Jordan, Turkey – hoping others will join Jordan – provided land and building + cash from Royal Court External: Advice – from members of Advisory Committees; visits Equipment – many donations of equipment surplus to requirements Training – support from Brazil, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USA, EU, IAEA, UNESCO Plus Cash – from the EU, Italy, ….

SESAME benefits from the advice of leading scientists from around the world who serve on the Scientific & Beamlines Advisory Committee (seen here in November 2010) and the Technical Advisory Committee SESAME (Jordan) 2- CLS (Canada) 3- Stanford Univ. (USA) 4- ALBA (Spain) 5- Soleil (France) 6- Sabanci Univ. (Turkey) 7- Elettra (Italy) 8- ALS (USA) 9- Soleil (France) 10- SESAME (Jordan) 11- Oxford Univ. (UK) 12- CERN (Switzerland) 13- Al-Quds Univ. (Palestinian Authority) 14- LBNL (USA) 15- PSI (Switzerland) 16- Hacettepe Univ. (Turkey)

Nobel Laureates visit SESAME site in June Laureates have endorsed SESAME “as a beacon, demonstrating how shared scientific initiatives can help light the way towards peace”

There are challenges Solving problems involving travel restrictions, sanctions on Iran,… Finding funding for provision of conference centre, full suite of Phase 1 beamlines,…. But thanks to Iran, Israel, Jordan and Turkey each providing $5 million, $11.3 million from the EU, €2.35 million from Italy, the Members’ Annual contributions, etc…the funding gap is now relatively small and an enormous amount has been achieved: STATUS Construction is progressing well – on track for commissioning to start in mid 2016 Experimental programme (in molecular biology, environmental studies, materials, archaeology sciences,…..) on track to begin in 2017 The training program is building capacity in the region

Beyond SESAME? SESAME is planning to build a guest house to be available on day one : This will be followed by a Conference Centre: When SESAME is not in operation, SESAME will be able to house meetings on other topics (food, water, archaeology,...) in secure/easily accessible surroundings Dream: this will lead to other joint facilities & collaborations

SESAME is:  A working example of Arab-Israeli-Iranian-Turkish-Cypriot- Pakistani collaboration o Senior scientists and administrators from the region are working together to govern SESAME through the Council, with input from scientists from around the world through its Advisory Committees o Young and senior scientists from the region are collaborating in preparing the scientific programme (Users’ Meetings, Workshops)  Already building scientific and technical capacity in the region through the extensive training programme (Fellowships, Visits, Schools) SESAME  Will soon be producing science  Would welcome new Members For further information see and CERN Courier July 2015