Warm up –Justify answer  1. A scientist has a hypothesis that a large volcanic caused a change in global temperature. Which information gained from ice cores is most useful in supporting the sc ientist’s  1. A scientist has a hypothesis that a large volcanic eruption caused a change in global temperature. Which information gained from ice cores is most useful in supporting the sc ientist’s hypothesis. hypothesis. A levels of dissolved oxygen B identities of trace metals C estimates of natural D amounts of atmospheric radioactivity dust 2. Why do scientists study fossils? A to understand how volcanoes are formed B to understand life on Earth as it was millions of years ago C to understand when mountains were created D to help predict the future.

Write in Cornell note style  1. What is biodiversity?  2. What does evolution mean?  3. What can cause this and how?  4. What is the theory of evolution  5. Who is the father of this theory and why?  6. How did he come up with his theory?  7. What did his travels reveal?  8. What did he observe?  9. Why was his voyage important?

What is Biological Diversity?  Earth has millions of organisms of every imaginable shape, size, and habitat. imaginable shape, size, and habitat. The variety and abundance of species that make up a biological community is called biodiversity..

The Big Question is … How did all these different organisms arise? How are they related How are they related?

What is “evolution”? What is “evolution”?  Evolution means change over time. What causes this change? What causes this change?  Mutations - a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene

What is “evolution”? What is “evolution”?  Evolution means change over time

What is the Theory of Evolution”?  Change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, artificial/natural selection, and genetic drift.  A scientific theory is NOT just a belief, it is a well-supported tested explanation.

1785 James Hutton postulated that the earth was formed by an ancient progression of natural events, including erosion, disruption, and uplift. Early 1800’s George Cuvier suggested that the earth was 6,000 years old- based on his calculations Charles Lyell published evidence pushing the age of earth back several million years Charles Darwin starts to theorize on evolution Alfred Russell Wallace publishes similar theory of evolution. Timeline of Theory

Charles Darwin Who is considered the Father of Evolution? The first person to explain the cause of biological diversity

How did Darwin come up with his Theory of Evolution?

1.Charles Darwin ( ) Sailed around the world Darwin went on an around-the-world trip on the HMS Beagle and traveled to the Galapagos Islands.

H.M.S Beagle Route

What did Darwin’s Travels reveal? What did Darwin’s Travels reveal?  The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously known!  Species of different origins had similar structures  These observations led him to develop the theory of evolution!!

What did he observe?  He particularly liked and observed the finches. He also observed the tortoises on different islands.  He observed each different group had its own niche.  He studied 13 different species and saw how they adapted to their environment.

Land Tortoises Darwin Finches Blue-Footed Booby Marine Iguanas Galapagos Animals Darwin Studied

Why did tortoises and birds differ among the islands of the Galapagos?  Each island had its own type of tortoises and birds that were clearly different from other islands

Galapagos Turtles

Why was the Voyage important?  Darwin collected specimens from each place they stopped.  Included shells, animals, fish, plants and fossils.  Compared specimens of different origins and realized some had similar structures.

Living Organisms and Fossils  Some of those fossils resembled organisms that were still alive.  Others looked completely unlike any creature he had ever seen.  As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose.  Why had so many of these species disappeared?  How were they related to living species?

Darwin’s Trip

On your own Wrap up  Why were the finches so interesting to Darwin?  What were some of their differences?  How did he account for their differences?  What is Natural selection?

The Galapagos Island  The smallest, lowest islands were hot, dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse vegetation  The higher islands had greater rainfall and a different assortment of plants and animals- Isabela- Island had rich vegetation.

Darwin was fascinated by the land tortoises Galapagos Turtles

Giant tortoises varied in predictable ways from one island to another. The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to identify which island it inhabited.

Patterns of Diversity  Darwin realized many places have similar ecosystems, but different inhabitants.  He studied the correlation between fossils found and the organisms alive today. Glyptodon - lived 2,500,00 to 10,000 years ago Armadillo - presently lives in the Americas

Thought Process  He pondered why some plants and animals are extinct; whilst others are emerging from currently unknown origins.  Theorized that not all of the species were dying but actually adapting and evolving.

Who helped Darwin? James Hutton:  1795 Theory of Geological change  Forces change earth’s surface shape  Changes are slow  Earth much older than thousands of years

Who helped Darwin? Charles Lyell: Book: Principles of Geography -Geographical features can be built up or torn down Darwin thought if earth changed over time, what about life?

Geologists: Hutton and Lyell  Fundamentalists said that the earth was around 6000 years old  Hutton and Lyell argued that the earth is many millions of years old b/c  layers of rock take time to form  processes such as volcanoes and earthquakes shaped the earth and still occur today

Who helped Darwin? Thomas Malthus 19th century English economist 19th century English economist  If population grew (more Babies born than die)  Insufficient living space  Food runs out  Darwin applied this theory to animals

Lamark Theory of acquired characteristics Lamark Theory of acquired characteristics  Lamark said organisms acquired traits by using their bodies in new ways  These new characteristics were passed to offspring  Lamark was totally wrong!

Darwin finally published his ideas in 1859  Other naturalists were developing the same theory that Darwin did.  Even though he was afraid of the Church’s reaction to his book he wanted to get credit for his work.

What did Darwin theorize? EvolutionEvolution, or change over time, is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Theory of Evolution and Natural selection

9. Artificial Selection  nature provides variation, humans select variations that are useful.  Example - a farmer breeds only his best livestock

Evolution via Natural Selection  “Survival of the Fittest”  Some individuals are better suited for the environment.  Members of each species have to compete for food, water and shelter.

10. Natural Selection  The traits that help an organism survive in a particular environment are “selected” in natural selection

Natural Selection and Species Fitness  Overtime, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population.  These changes increase a species fitness (survival rate)

Descent with Modification  Each living species has descended with changes from other species over time

ADAPTATION

Evolutionary changes in structure or behavior that develops over many generations to enable an organisms to survive successfully in its habitat. Evolutionary changes in structure or behavior that develops over many generations to enable an organisms to survive successfully in its habitat. Behavioral adaptation Behavioral adaptation Structural adaptation Structural adaptation ADAPTATION

ADAPTATION

Summary of Darwin’s Theory 1. Organisms differ; variation is inherited 2. Organisms produce more offspring than survive 3. Organisms compete for resources 4. Organisms with advantages survive to pass those advantages to their children 5. Species alive today are descended with modifications from common ancestors

13. Evidence of Evolution 1.Fossil Record 2.Geographic Distribution of Living Species 3.Homologous Body structures 4.Similarities in Embryology

Evidence of Evolution Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record provides evidence that living things have evolved Fossils show the history of life on earth and how different groups of organisms have changed over time

Evidence of Evolution Geographic Distribution of Geographic Distribution of Living Species Living Species When the world had one main landmass (Pangaea) and the species migrated to specific areas as the landmass shifted apart. When the world had one main landmass (Pangaea) and the species migrated to specific areas as the landmass shifted apart. Similar animals in different locations were the product of different lines of descent

Descent  Two types  Descent with modification- Over time, natural selection produces organisms that have different structure, establish different niches, or occupy different habitats. As a result, they look different from their ancestors.  Common Descent- all living and extinct organisms were derived from a common ancestor.

13. Evidence of Evolution Homologous Body Structures  traits that are similar in different species because the species share a common ancestor. Ie. Arm, fin and wing may have evolved from the forelimb of a common vertebrate. Turtle Alligator Bird

Homologous Body Structures

Analogous structures Structures that are similar in function, but are not inherited from a common ancestor. Ex. Insect and Bird Wings

Vestigial Organs Inherited, but reduced in size and often unused. ex. Pythons have hip and leg bones

Evidence of Evolution Evidence of Evolution Similarities in Embryology  In their early stages of development, chickens, turtles and rats look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestry.

Embryological development