2. Warm up –Justify answer put on page 18 0r 19  1. A scientist has a hypothesis that a large volcanic caused a change in global temperature. Which information gained from ice cores is most useful in supporting the scientist’s hypothesis.  1. A scientist has a hypothesis that a large volcanic eruption caused a change in global temperature. Which information gained from ice cores is most useful in supporting the scientist’s hypothesis. A levels of dissolved oxygen B identities of trace metals C estimates of natural D amounts of atmospheric radioactivity dust 2. Why do scientists study fossils? A to understand how volcanoes are formed B to understand life on Earth as it was millions of years ago C to understand when mountains were created D to help predict the future.

4. Write in Cornell note style  1. What is biodiversity?  2. What does evolution mean?  3. What can cause this and how?  4. What is the theory of evolution  5. Who is the father of this theory and why?  6. How did he come up with his theory?  7. What did his travels reveal?  8. What did he observe?  9. Why was his voyage important?

5. What is Biological Diversity?  Earth has millions of organisms of every imaginable shape, size, and habitat. imaginable shape, size, and habitat. The variety and abundance of species that make up a biological community is called biodiversity..

6.  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Sgnn V8nV9g http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Sgnn V8nV9g http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Sgnn V8nV9g  Origins and evolution of life

7. The Big Question is … How did all these different organisms arise? How are they related How are they related?

8. The Tree of Life en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Phylogenetic_tree.svg All living things share a common ancestor. We can draw a Tree of Life to show how every species is related. Through Evolution one species gives rise to another and the Tree of Life grows

9. What is “evolution”? What is “evolution”?  Evolution means change over time. What causes this change? What causes this change?  Mutations - a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene

10. What is “evolution”? What is “evolution”?  Evolution means change over time. What is an adaptation? What is an adaptation?  An adaptation is a feature that is common in a population because it provides some improved function  An adaptation is a feature that is common in a population because it provides some improved function.

11. 1 Which concept is illustrated by the physical changes in the size and structure of the horse over time ?  A) genetic engineering B) succession  C) biodiversity D) evolution 2 Traits that enable an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment are known as A) Adaptations B) variations A) Adaptations B) variations C) mutations D) clones C) mutations D) clones Warm up –Justify answer Warm up –Justify answer

12. 1. Survival of the fittest refers to an organisms that can  A) grow faster B) develop large muscles  C) adapt t o the D) live in cold climates  environment Which process is most responsible for the extinction of most species of plants and animals that have lived on Earth? 2) Which process is most responsible for the extinction of most species of plants and animals that have lived on Earth?  a) gene mutationb) environmental changes  c) selective breedingd) decrease in reproduction Warm up –Justify answer put on page 21

13. What is “evolution”? What is “evolution”?  Evolution means change over time

14. What is the Theory of Evolution”?  Change in the gene pool of a population from generation to generation by such processes as mutation, artificial/natural selection, and genetic drift.  A scientific theory is NOT just a belief, it is a well-supported tested explanation.

15. 1785 James Hutton postulated that the earth was formed by an ancient progression of natural events, including erosion, disruption, and uplift. Early 1800’s George Cuvier suggested that the earth was 6,000 years old- based on his calculations. 1830 Charles Lyell published evidence pushing the age of earth back several million years. 1838 Charles Darwin starts to theorize on evolution. 1858 Alfred Russell Wallace publishes similar theory of evolution. Timeline of Theory

16. Charles Darwin Who is considered the Father of Evolution? The first person to explain the cause of biological diversity

17. How did Darwin come up with his Theory of Evolution?

18. 1.Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Sailed around the world 1831-1836 Darwin went on an around-the-world trip on the HMS Beagle and traveled to the Galapagos Islands.

19. H.M.S Beagle Route

20. What did Darwin’s Travels reveal? What did Darwin’s Travels reveal?  The diversity of living species was far greater than anyone had previously known!  Species of different origins had similar structures  These observations led him to develop the theory of evolution!!

21. What did he observe?  He particularly liked and observed the finches. He also observed the tortoises on different islands.  He observed each different group had its own niche.  He studied 13 different species and saw how they adapted to their environment.

22. Land Tortoises Darwin Finches Blue-Footed Booby Marine Iguanas Galapagos Animals Darwin Studied

23. Why did tortoises and birds differ among the islands of the Galapagos?  Each island had its own type of tortoises and birds that were clearly different from other islands

24. Galapagos Turtles

25. Why was the Voyage important?  Darwin collected specimens from each place they stopped.  Included shells, animals, fish, plants and fossils.  Compared specimens of different origins and realized some had similar structures.

26. Living Organisms and Fossils  Some of those fossils resembled organisms that were still alive.  Others looked completely unlike any creature he had ever seen.  As Darwin studied fossils, new questions arose.  Why had so many of these species disappeared?  How were they related to living species?

27. Darwin’s Trip

28. Vocab words we have covered

29. On your own Wrap up  Give two examples of variations in organism that Darwin observed. How did he account for their differences? How did he account for their differences?  What is Natural selection?

30. Warm Up 1)Which statement best explains the survival benefit of high genetic variation in a species? 1)Which statement best explains the survival benefit of high genetic variation in a species? A. It prevents a high mutation A. It prevents a high mutation rate. rate. B. It reduces the risk of B. It reduces the risk of extinction due to extinction due to environmental change. environmental change. C. It can only occur if the C. It can only occur if the species population size is species population size is already large. already large. D. It allows the species to D. It allows the species to use a variety of strategies use a variety of strategies to avoid predation. to avoid predation. 2)Islands are the habitats of many of the world’s rarest species. Which of the following factors contributes most to this situation? habitats of many of the world’s rarest species. Which of the following factors contributes most to this situation? A. Small land area A. Small land area B. Genetic isolation B. Genetic isolation C. Limited food variety C. Limited food variety D. Fewer predators D. Fewer predators

31. Write in Cornell note style 1. What did Darwin Theorize was the reason why some animals appeared to have come from unknown origins ? 2. What is the relationship between adaptation and mutation? 3. What Is the name of Darwin’s Publication? 4. What is artificial selection? 5. What is natural selection? 6. What are the main components of Darwin’s Theory? 7. What are evidences of Evolution? 8. What are Homologous Body Structures

32. Write in Cornell note style 9. What are Analogous structures? 10. What are Vestigial Organs?

33. Environment, Mutations and Natural Selection

35. Environmental Variation of The Galapagos Island  The smallest, lowest islands were hot, dry, and nearly barren-Hood Island-sparse vegetation  The higher islands had greater rainfall and a different assortment of plants and animals- Isabela- Island had rich vegetation.

36. Darwin was fascinated by the tortoises They varied in predictable ways from one island to another.

37. The shape of a tortoise's shell could be used to identify which island it inhabited.

38. Each species of finches had adapted to its environment and had its own niche job / roleand specialization (the adaptation of an organism or a part of an organism to a specific function or condition in response to environmental conditions Each species of finches had adapted to its environment and had its own niche (job / role) and specialization (the adaptation of an organism or a part of an organism to a specific function or condition in response to environmental conditions)

39. Patterns of Diversity  Darwin also realized many places have similar ecosystems, but different inhabitants.  He studied the correlation between fossils found and the organisms alive today. Glyptodon - lived 2,500,00 to 10,000 years ago Armadillo - presently lives in the Americas

40. Thought Process  He pondered why some plants and animals are extinct; while others are emerging from currently unknown origins.  Theorized that not all of the species were dying but actually adapting and evolving.

41. Who influenced Darwin? Bishop Ussher:  1581-1656 using the book of Genesis he calculated universe was created On October 23,4004B.C. This would make the Earth was about 5,000 or 6,000 years old at most.  In Darwin's day most Europeans believed this

42. Who influenced Darwin? James Hutton:  1795 Theory of Geological change  Forces change earth’s surface shape  Changes are slow  Earth much older than thousands of years.  Darwin thought if earth is much older then this would allow time for species to evolve?

43. Who Influenced Darwin? Charles Lyell: Book: Principles of Geography -Geographical features can be built up or torn down -Geographical features can be built up or torn down Darwin thought if earth changed over time, what about life?

44. Geologists: Hutton and Lyell  Fundamentalists said that the earth was around 6000 years old  Hutton and Lyell argued that the earth is many millions of years old b/c  layers of rock take time to form  processes such as volcanoes and earthquakes shaped the earth and still occur today

45. Who influenced Darwin? Thomas Malthus 19th century English economist 19th century English economist  If population grew unchecked (more Babies born than die)  Insufficient living space  Food runs out  Darwin applied this theory to animals

47. Lamark Theory of acquired characteristics Lamark Theory of acquired characteristics  Lamark said organisms acquired traits by using their bodies in new ways  These new characteristics were passed to offspring  Lamark was totally wrong!

48. Darwin finally published his ideas in 1859  Other naturalists were developing the same theory that Darwin did.  Even though he was afraid of the Church’s reaction to his book he wanted to get credit for his work.

49. Survival of the Fittest en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Darwin%27s_finches.jpeg In his Origin of Species, published in 1859, Darwin proposed how one species might give rise to another. Where food was limited, competition meant that only the fittest would survive. This would lead to the natural selection of the best adapted individuals and eventually the evolution of a new species. Darwin in 1860 Natural Selection explains adaption

50. Evolution and Natural Selection

52. What is Artificial Selection?  Humans selectively breed organisms for variations/ traits that are useful.  Example - a farmer breeds only his best livestock

53. Evolution via Natural Selection  “Survival of the Fittest”  Some individuals are better suited for the environment.  Members of each species have to compete for food, water and shelter.

54. What is Natural Selection? What is Natural Selection?  The traits that helps an organism survive in a particular environment are “selected” by nature.

58. What are Agents of Evolution?

59. Agents of Evolution Geographic Distribution of Geographic Distribution of Living Species Living Species When the world had one main landmass (Pangaea) species migrated to specific areas. When the world had one main landmass (Pangaea) species migrated to specific areas. Overtime, as the landmass shifted apart, organism were isolated and developed to best survive in their environments. Overtime, as the landmass shifted apart, organism were isolated and developed to best survive in their environments.

60. Agents of Evolution - Natural Selection and Species Fitness  Overtime, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population.  These changes increase a species fitness (survival rate)  “Survival of the Fittest”

62. Descent with Modification  Each living species has descended with changes from other species over time

63. A changes in structure or behavior that develops over many generations to enable an organisms to survive successfully in its habitat. A changes in structure or behavior that develops over many generations to enable an organisms to survive successfully in its habitat. Behavioral adaptation Behavioral adaptation Structural adaptation Structural adaptation What is ADAPTATION?

64. What are the key components of Darwin’s Theory What are the key components of Darwin’s Theory 1. Organisms differ; variation is inherited 2. Organisms produce more offspring than survive 3. Organisms compete for resources 4. Organisms with advantages survive to pass those advantages to their children 5. Species alive today are descended with modifications from common ancestors

65. What are Evidences of Evolution?

66. 13. Evidence of Evolution 1.Fossil Record 2.Geographic Distribution of Living Species 3.Homologous Body structures 4.Similarities in Embryology

67. Evidence of Evolution Evidence of Evolution Fossil Record provides evidence that living things have evolved Fossils show the history of life on earth and how different groups of organisms have changed over time Transitional fossils show a clear transition from one species, or group, to another.

68. Evidence of Evolution Geographic Distribution of Living Things Similar environments have similar types of similar types of organisms organisms Similar animals in different locations were the product of different lines of descent

69. Descent  Two types  Descent with modification- Over time, natural selection produces organisms that have different structure, establish different niches, or occupy different habitats. As a result, they look different from their ancestors.  Common Descent- all living and extinct organisms were derived from a common ancestor.

70. What are Evidences of Evolution?

71. Evidence of Evolution Evidence of Evolution Homologous Body Structures  traits that are similar in different species because the species share a common ancestor. Ie. Arm, fin and wing may have evolved from the forelimb of a common vertebrate. Turtle Alligator Bird

72. Homologous Body Structures

73. Analogous structures Structures that are similar in function, but are not inherited from a common ancestor. Ex. Insect and Bird Wings

74. Vestigial Organs Inherited, but reduced in size and often unused. ex. Pythons have hip and leg bones

75. Evidence of Evolution Evidence of Evolution Similarities in Embryology  In their early stages of development, chickens, turtles and rats look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestry.

77. Embryological development