American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights.

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American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11 Political Parties Brendan Smialowski/GettyImages

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11 Outline the structure of American political parties at the national, state, and local levels Trace the evolution of the two-party system in the United States. Learning Objectives

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11 Analyze how political socialization and group affiliations shape party identification Identify the functions performed by American political parties. Learning Objectives 11.4

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11 Assess party polarization in the modern era Evaluate the role of minor parties in the American two-party system. Learning Objectives

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Roots of the Two-Party System  The Development of the Political Parties, 1800–1824  Jacksonian Democracy, 1824–1860  The Golden Age, 1860–1932  The Modern Era  Citizen Support and Party Realignment 11.1

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Political Ideology What is Your Ideology? press.org/quiz/political-typology/

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved What Do they believe? servative-vs-liberal-beliefs/

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.1 The Development of Political Parties, 1800–1824  Ratification of the U.S. Constitution Federalists supported strong central government  Election of 1800 Thomas Jefferson versus John Adams Political parties intended to be temporary, not long- term structures

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 11.1 How has the two-party system developed? 11.1

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.1 Jacksonian Democracy, 1824–1860  Political party influence Decreased at the national level Increased at the state level due to expansion of the electorate  Whigs and Democrats Gave the United States the first broadly-supported two-party system in the Western World

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.1 The Golden Age, 1860–1932  Party Stability Characterized by the dominance of party organizations Era from end of Reconstruction until reforms of the Progressive Era  Political Machines Organizations that use tangible incentives such as jobs and favors to win loyalty among voters Provided upward social mobility

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Where did the party symbols originate? 11.1 The Granger Collection, NYC

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.1 The Modern Era  Elections and social services changes Ballot printing, other elections duties handled by government instead of parties Roosevelt's New Deal put social services in hands of government, not parties.  Candidate-centered politics Shift to focus on candidates, their issues, and character rather than on party affiliation

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.1 Citizen Support and Party Realignment  Party realignments Dramatic shifts in partisan preference that drastically alter the political landscape Existing party affiliations subject to upheaval  Critical elections May polarize voters around new issues or personalities  Secular realignments More gradual shifts in party coalitions

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 11.2 What does a realignment look like? 11.1

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.1 A major shift in power and popularity from one party to another is a what? 11.1 a.Party realignment b.Party machine c.Secular realignment d.Critical election

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.1 A major shift in power and popularity from one party to another is a what? 11.1 a.Party realignment b.Party machine c.Secular realignment d.Critical election

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.2 The Organization of American Political Parties  The National Party  The National Convention  State and Local Parties  Informal Groups

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 11.3 How are political parties organized? 11.2

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.2 The National Party  The national chairperson Often selected by president or newly nominated presidential candidate Chief fundraiser and spokesperson  The national committee Coordinates national convention and presidential campaign Democratic National Committee (DNC) Republican National Committee (RNC)

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.2 The National Convention  Every four years Present a positive image of the candidate Serve as pep rallies  Delegates Formerly selected by party leaders, now often elected in primary elections and caucuses  Superdelegates Allow Democratic Party some control

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.2 State and Local Parties  Roots of the party Virtually all government regulation of political parties is handled by the states. Vast majority of party leadership positions are held at state and local level.  Precinct Smallest voting unit Fundamental building block of the party  State executive committee

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.2 Informal Groups  Official and semi-official groups Affiliations of state and local party women Affiliations with college campus organizations

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved How do college students help political parties? 11.2 Chris Maddaloni/Getty Images

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.2 Informal Groups  Supportive interest groups Provide money and labor Such as labor unions, chambers of commerce  Think tanks Institutional collections of policy-oriented researchers and academics

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.2 These people act as the "foot soldiers" of the party a.State executive committee members b.National party chairpersons c.Precinct committee members d.Party delegates

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.2 These people act as the "foot soldiers" of the party a.State executive committee members b.National party chairpersons c.Precinct committee members d.Party delegates

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.3 Activities of American Political Parties  Running Candidates for Office  Formulating and Promoting Policy  Organizing Government  Furthering Unity, Linkage, and Accountability

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.3 Running Candidates for Office  Raising money Well-developed networks of donors Raise money and disseminate it to candidates  Mobilizing support and getting out the vote Public opinion polls and tracking surveys Create TV advertisements "Get out the vote" Election Day activities

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved FIGURE 11.4 How much money do parties raise? 11.3

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.3 Formulating and Promoting Policy  National Party Platform Most visible instrument used to formulate, convey, and promote public policy Each party develops a lengthy platform outlining its positions. About two-thirds of the winning party's platform tends to be enacted. About one-half of the losing party's platform tends to be enacted.

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.3 Table 11.1 What do party platforms say?

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.3 Organizing Government  Parties in Congress Party members in Congress select congressional leaders. Those congressional leaders hold enormous power.  The presidential party President is informal party leader  Parties in the federal courts  Parties in state government

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved How has party unity affected politics? 11.3 Jim Cole/ AP Images

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Bettmann/Corbis What does a nonpartisan president look like? 11.3

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.3 Furthering Unity, Linkage and Accountability  Party role Parties are the glue that holds elements of government and political structure together Link together branches of government One more means of accountability

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.3 The political parties have great influence in Congress because: 11.3 a.Congressional representatives owe them loyalty in return for campaign help. b.Parties arrange for the selection of congressional leaders. c.Parties are instrumental in deciding who runs for office. d.None of the above.

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.3 The political parties have great influence in Congress because: 11.3 a.Congressional representatives owe them loyalty in return for campaign help. b.Parties arrange for the selection of congressional leaders. c.Parties are instrumental in deciding who runs for office. d.None of the above.

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.4 Party Identification  Political Socialization  Group Affiliations

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.4 Political Socialization  Parents Single greatest influence on political beliefs  Other aspects of adult life Marriage Economic status  Charismatic leaders Franklin D. Roosevelt Ronald Reagan

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.4 Group Affiliations  Geography  Gender  Race and ethnicity  Age  Social and economic factors  Religion  Marital status

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved TABLE 11.2 Who identifies as a Democrat? A Republican? 11.4 continued on next slide

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved TABLE 11.2 Who identifies as a Democrat? A Republican? 11.4

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Joe Raedle/Getty Images Which political party do Hispanics support? 11.4

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.4 Which people have the most significant influence on a person's political socialization? 11.4 a.Parents b.Peers c.Co-workers d.Civic groups

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.4 Which people have the most significant influence on a person's political socialization? 11.4 a.Parents b.Peers c.Co-workers d.Civic groups

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.5 Minor Parties in the the American Two-Party System  The formation and role of minor parties  Barriers to minor-party success

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.5 The Formation and Role of Minor Parties  Obstacles Transitioning from social movement to party is difficult  Minor parties have had influence Dixiecrats Green Party

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved TABLE 11.3 What are some of America's minor parties? 11.5

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.5 Barriers to Minor-Party Success  Proportional representation Apportions legislative seats according to percentage of votes a party receives  Winner-take-all system Party that receives at least one more vote wins the election

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.5 This voting system is more favorable to minor political parties: 11.5 a.Single-member, plurality electoral system b.Winner-take-all electoral system c.Electoral College d.Proportional representation

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.5 This voting system is more favorable to minor political parties: 11.5 a.Single-member, plurality electoral system b.Winner-take-all electoral system c.Electoral College d.Proportional representation

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.6 Toward Reform: United or Divided?  Causes of Polarization  Consequences of Polarization

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.6 Causes of Polarization  Geographic divide "The United States of Canada" to the north "Jesusland" to the south  Stereotypes of political identifiers Republicans as NASCAR Democrats as Starbucks  Wedge issues "Guns, God, and gays" Abortion, gay marriage

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.6 Consequences of Polarization  Congress Least productive in history Lack of moderates, lower incentive to compromise  Consequences to electorate Forcing moderate electorate to choose between extremes may increase voter apathy

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.6 a."Guns, God, and gays" b.Abortion and contraception c.Hot-button cultural issues d.All of the above 11.6 Wedge issues have been blamed in part for recent deepening divides. Which are wedge issues?

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved 11.6 Wedge issues have been blamed in part for recent deepening divides. Which are wedge issues? 11.6 a."Guns, God, and gays" b.Abortion and contraception c.Hot-button cultural issues d.All of the above

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Discussion Questions Is the two-party system good for America? Why is the country so polarized? How can the problem be fixed? 11

American Government: Roots and Reform, 2014 Election Update, 12e O'Connor | Sabato | Yanus Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Further Review 11  Listen to the Chapter  Study and Review the Flashcards  Study and Review the Practice Tests

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