1. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman Longman PoliticalScienceInteractive Magleby & Light Government by the People Chapter 7 Political Parties: Essential to Democracy

2. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Party Functions Political Party An organization that seeks political power by electing people to office so that its positions and philosophy become public policy Unify the Electorate Help Organize Government Translate Preferences into Policy Provide Loyal Opposition Organize the Competition

3. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman The Nomination of Candidates Closed Primary System Only registered members of the party are allowed to vote in the primary Open Primary System Voters are allowed to participate in the primary election without declaring membership in a party Party Convention A meeting of party delegates to vote on matters of policy and in some cases to select party candidates for public office

4. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman The Nomination of Candidates Caucus: A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform Hillary Rodham Clinton; contender for the Democratic presidential nomination in 2008

5. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Party Systems Multiparty  Coalition government is necessary  Minor parties have an incentive to persevere  Proportional representation  Governments tend toward instability Two party Winner-takes-all system “ Wasted vote ” syndrome discourages minor parties Government tends toward stability Policy change is incremental

6. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Minor Parties: Persistence and Frustration Ideological PartiesProtest Parties Single-Issue Parties Splinter Parties

7. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Minor Parties: Persistence and Frustration Libertarian Party Green Party Reform Party

8. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Minor Parties in the United States

9. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Realigning Elections Jacksonian Democrats and Whigs (1824) Abraham Lincoln (1860): Post-Civil War Republican Dominance

10. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Realigning Elections Roosevelt’s optimism and “can do” attitude in the face of the Great Depression helped cement the New Deal Democratic coalition that won him the presidency The New Deal Democratic Party (1932)

11. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Divided Government Since 1953, divided government, with one party controlling Congress and the other the White House, has been in effect twice as long as one- party control of both the legislative and executive branches

12. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman The 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008 Elections: Into the New Century 2000: 50-50 partisan tie in the Senate, slim Republican majority in House and contested presidential vote count 2002: President’s party gained seats in the House and Senate 2004: Bush reelected and his party picked up seats in Senate and House 2006: Democrats win majority in both House and Senate 2008: Democrats increase majority in House and Senate, and win the presidency

13. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Parties as Institutions National party leadership Party platforms Parties at the state and local levels

14. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Important Differences in What Democratic and Republican Parties Stand For, 1984-2004

15. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Parties In Government In the executive branch In the legislative branch In the judicial branch At the state and local levels

16. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Parties in the Electorate Party Registration The act of declaring party affiliation; required by some states when registering to vote Party Activists Party Regulars Candidate Activists Issue Activists

17. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Party Identification

18. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Party Identification

19. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Party Identification

20. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Partisan Realignment and Dealignment Voters have shown no consistent preference for one party over the other Dealignment: Weakening of partisan preferences that points to a rejection of both major parties and a rise in the number of independents. Still, two-thirds of all “independents” are really partisans in their voting behavior/attitudes –One-third consistently Democratic, one-third consistently lean Republican, and one-third appear to have little interest in politics

21. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman How Parties Raise and Spend Money Revenue –Soft money –Hard money Expenditures

22. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Are the Parties Dying? Critique of the American party system 1.Parties do not take meaningful and contrasting positions on most issues 2.Party membership is essentially meaningless 3.Parties are so concerned with accommodating the middle of the ideological spectrum that they are incapable of serving as an avenue for social progress

23. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Are the Parties Dying? Winning wins over principle

24. Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Publishing as Longman Reform Democrats –1968: Disarray and disputes –System of proportionality –Superdelegates Republicans –1970s: Emphasis on grassroots organization and membership recruitment –Ahead in campaign donations until 2006