The Rise of Islam,

The Origins of Islam Arabs of 600 C.E. lived in the Arabian peninsula. (_______,_________,________)

The Arabian Peninsula Before Muhammad Farmers and sailors Fishing and trading “Empty Quarter” Middlemen – Caravan trading – Camels and donkeys – Christians

Mecca. What was the significance of this city? – Ka’ba

Muhammad in Mecca Muhammad was born in Mecca, 570. – “Night of Power and Excellence” – What was message he received? Muslim- Islam- Familiarity because of… Why was Islam appealing?

The Formation of the Umma In 622, Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina (hijra). Why? Meccan migrants formed a umma Muhammad dies; no provision of succession. – Khalifa/caliph – Abu Bakr Quran

Five Pillars – 1. – 2. – 3. – 4. – 5. Shi’ites v. Sunnis

The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, Sunni never gave absolute authority and power to: define belief, expel heretics, and discipline clergy

The Islamic Conquests, Syria, Egypt, Tunisia, Spain, North Africa, India, Iraq, Anatolia. No evidence of coherent missionary efforts to spread Islam during conquest period.

The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates, The Umayyad (Sunni) dynasty ruled from Damascus. – Muslim Arabs – Silver dirhams and gold dinars Abbasid Caliphate (Shi’ites) ruled after defeating the Umayyad – Promotion of Islam – Arabian Nights- – Why was this period called the “golden age”?

Political Fragmentation Why did the Abbasid fall? – Mamluks – What was the problem with mamluks? Seated and unseated caliphs Capital moved from Baghdad to __________. Shi’ite Buyid

New exchange system with Berbers in Sahara desert. – Ghana Fatimid Dynasty claimed to be descendants of Ali (Shi’ite) 969 – Conquered Egypt – Abundance of gold

Umayyad Spain 740 – Roman, Germanic, Jewish, Arabs, Berber – Most sophisticated agricultural economy Al-Andalus 929 – Iberian Peninsula – Literature, law, philosophy – Ulama-

Assault from Within and Without, Seljuk Turks (Afghanistan to Baghdad) – Problems: – Crusades had little effect on Islamic lands – Battle of Ain Jalut- mamluks defeated Mongols from Central Asia – Young Turks-

Islamic Civilization

Law and Dogma Shari’a – Merging of- Islam began to govern social and religious life. – Sunna- Hadith- What was the problem with hadith?

Converts and Cities “There is no God but God, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God” – Few could read the Quran – Discrimination led to migration and growth of urban centers. – Muslim regions urbanized; Christian cities shrank.

What did this Muslim urbanization confirm? Variations in religious teachings were common. Why? Trade and technology flourished – Doctors – Physics – mathematicians

Islam, Women, and Slaves Literate, no public life, could not associate socially with non family members, Greater status than Jewish and Christian – What are two things women were never allowed to do?

Views on Slavery: – People of the Book – Prisoners of war – conversion

The Recentering of Islam No hierarchy or formal organization Eventually, the centrality of the caliphate diminished. More focus on education and pilgrimage. Iranians contributed by: 1. 2.