Chapter 22 Exploring Space

Electromagnetic Radiation What is it ??? –Radio waves –Visible light –Gamma rays –X-rays –Ultraviolet light –Infrared waves –Microwaves

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Frequency Forms of electromagnetic radiation differ in their frequencies. Frequency: # of wave crests that pass a given point per unit of time. The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency.

Speed of Light 300,000 km/s ALL electromagnetic waves travel at this speed in a vacuum (where there is no matter)

First to Use a Telescope to Study the Sky Telescope Galileo in 1600’s

Optical Telescope Use light to produce magnified images. –Refracting telescope: convex lenses –Reflecting telescope: concave mirror.

Observatory Where optical telescopes are located.

Edwin P. Hubble Discovered: Universe is Expanding Hubble Space Telescope named after him.

Hubble Space Telescope Located outside Earth’s atmosphere

Hubble Telescope

Radio Telescope Studies radio waves that travel through space. Useful 24 hours a day. a day.

Early Space Missions Early Space Missions Allowed astronomers to study space in ways not possible using telescopes. Made possible by rockets.

Satellite Any object that revolves around another object in an orbit In 1957 the former Soviet Union launched first artificial satellite: Sputnik I. satellite: Sputnik I.

Sputnik 1  Launched 1957  Began the space age  Shocked the world giving the former Soviet union the distinction of putting the 1 st human made object into space  1 st artificial satellite  It orbited Earth for 57 days before gravity pulled it back into the atmosphere, where it burned up

Satellites Today Thousands of artificial satellites orbit Earth Used for: communication and weather forecasting.

Space Probes Do not orbit Earth Travel through space. Is an instrument that gathers information and sends it back to Earth via radio waves

Space Probes: Pioneer 10 Launched st manmade object to travel through asteroid belt. Transmitter failed in 2003 Passed Pluto

Pioneer 10  Launched 1972  1 st spacecraft to travel through the Asteroid belt  1 st spacecraft to make direct observations and obtain close-up images of Jupiter  Marked humans 1 st approach to Jupiter and opened the way for exploration of the outer Solar System  Destination is Jupiter  Although its transmitter failed in 2003, it continues on through space

Space Probes: Voyager I & II Launched by U.S. in 1977 Expected to collect data until 2020

Voyager 1 & 2  Launched in 1977  Both space crafts flew by Jupiter and Saturn  Voyager 2 also flew by Uranus and Neptune  Longest continuously operated spacecraft  9.5 billion miles away from our sun  NASA still receives signals from Voyager 1 & 2  Voyager has boldly gone where no probe has gone before Voyager 1

Saturn Taken by Voyager II 1981

Images from Voyager Space Probes - Voyager Neptune

Voyager 1990 By 1990, Voyager 1 was farther from the Sun than Pluto, and approximately 4 billion miles from the Earth. Thus, NASA gave Voyager 1 one last assignment and had the craft take the first ever pictures of the planets from “outside” the solar system. This is a compilation of those shots.

Images from Voyager Space Probes

Space Probe: Galileo Launched in 1989 Reached Jupiter in 1995 Released smaller probe to approach Jupiter. Before the smaller probe was crushed by the atmospheric pressure, it transmitted information about Jupiter’s composition, temperature, and pressure. Studied Europa and Io (Jupiter’s moons) Its voyage lasted 14 years then it passed into Jupiter’s shadow then disintegrated in the planets dense atmosphere

Moon Quest Yuri Gagarin: 1 st man in space (Soviet) Project Mercury: began U.S. mission to put a man in space. (Launched in 1961) 1961: Alan Shepard: 1 st U.S. man in space 1962: John Glenn: 1 st U.S. citizen to orbit Earth

Men in Space Yuri Gagarin 1 st man to orbit Earth He rode into orbit in the Soviet Union’s Vostok-1 spacecraft in 1961

Men in Space Alan Shepherd John Glenn They rode into space with Project Mercury.

Alan B. Shepard and John Glenn  Project Mercury (1961) goal was to orbit a piloted spacecraft around Earth and to bring it back safely.  On May 5, 1961, Mercury astronaut Alan B. Shepard became the first U.S. citizen in space.  In 1962, Mercury astronaut John Glenn became the first U.S. citizen to orbit Earth

Project Mercury  made 6 flights into space  Launched 1 st Americans into space  Each Astronaut named his spacecraft. Project Mercury was named after Roman god who was very fast  Alan Shepard was on board the first Mercury flight. He was the first American in space.

Project Gemini ( ) Helped NASA get ready for moon landings Gemini was named after a constellation. The name means “twins.” This name was used because the Gemini capsule would carry 2 people. It was a little bigger than Mercury. Helped Astronauts learn how to go outside a spacecraft in a spacesuit Learn how to connect 2 spacecraft's together in space. Before Gemini NASA had not done any of these things.

Robotic Probes Sent to the Moon (These probes proved that a spacecraft could be sent to the Moon and the Moon’s surface could support spacecraft and humans.) Ranger Surveyor: landed on moon in 1966 Lunar Orbiter: took pictures of moon’s surface

Project Apollo Project Apollo 1969: Apollo II landed on the Moon Neil Armstrong: 1 st person to step on Moon

Apollo 11 President Kennedy on May 25, 1961 announced that astronauts would reach the moon before the end of the decade (1960’s) July 16 th 1969 three astronauts were on board the Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin The first time humans set foot on another planetary Surface. Neil Armstrong first man to walk on the moon said, “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”

Space Shuttle The reusable spacecraft that transports astronauts, satellites, and other materials to and from space is called the space shuttle. The reusable spacecraft that transports astronauts, satellites, and other materials to and from space is called the space shuttle. The space shuttle is designed to make many trips into space. The space shuttle is designed to make many trips into space.

Space Stations 1973: U.S. launched Skylab –Fell out of orbit in 1979

Space Station- Skylab A space station has living quarters, work and exercise area, and all the equipment and support systems needed for humans to live and work in space US launched the space station Skylab. Crews of astronauts spent up to 84 days there, performing experiments and collecting data on the effects on humans living in space. In 1979, the abandoned Skylab fell out of orbit and Burned up as it entered Earth’s atmosphere.

Space Stations Mir –Soviet Union –Dr. Valery Polyakov spent 438 days in space studying the long-term effects of weightlessness. –In 2001, the abandoned Mir space station fell out of orbit and burned up upon reentering the atmosphere.

International Space Station Effort of 16 nations 3 phases Should be completed by 2006 ISS will be a permanent laboratory designed for long term research projects.

Missions to Mars Mars Global Surveyor (1996): orbited Mars and took pictures. Pathfinder (1996): descended to surface of Mars Mars Odyssey(2001 spacecraft): mapping surface of Mars Spirit and Opportunity: rovers launched in 2003: goal to analyze surface of mars

Cassini Launched 1997 Destination: Saturn