The New Nation 1789–1800

Key Concept 3.2: The American Revolution’s democratic and republican ideals inspired new experiments with different forms of government. III. New forms of national culture and political institutions developed in the United States alongside continued regional variations and differences over economic, political, social, and foreign policy issues. – A) During the presidential administrations of George Washington and John Adams, political leaders created institutions and precedents that put the principles of the Constitution into practice.

– B) Political leaders in the 1790s took a variety of positions on issues such as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, foreign policy, and the balance between liberty and order. This led to the formation of political parties — most significantly the Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, and the Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. – C) The expansion of slavery in the deep South and adjacent western lands and rising antislavery sentiment began to create distinctive regional attitudes toward the institution. – D) Ideas about national identity increasingly found expression in works of art, literature, and architecture.

Key Concept 3.3: Migration within North America and competition over resources, boundaries, and trade intensified conflicts among peoples and nations. I. In the decades after American independence, interactions among different groups resulted in competition for resources, shifting alliances, and cultural blending. – A) Various American Indian groups repeatedly evaluated and adjusted their alliances with Europeans, other tribes, and the U.S., seeking to limit migration of white settlers and maintain control of tribal lands and natural resources. British alliances with American Indians contributed to tensions between the U.S. and Britain.

– B. As increasing numbers of migrants from North America and other parts of the world continued to move westward, frontier cultures that had emerged in the colonial period continued to grow, fueling social, political, and ethnic tensions. – C. As settlers moved westward during the 1780s, Congress enacted the Northwest Ordinance for admitting new states; the ordinance promoted public education, the protection of private property, and a ban on slavery in the Northwest Territory. – D. An ambiguous relationship between the federal government and American Indian tribes contributed to problems regarding treaties and American Indian legal claims relating to the seizure of their lands.

– E. The Spanish, supported by the bonded labor of the local American Indians, expanded their mission settlements into California; these provided opportunities for social mobility among soldiers and led to new cultural blending.

II. The continued presence of European powers in North America challenged the United States to find ways to safeguard its borders, maintain neutral trading rights, and promote its economic interests. – A) The United States government forged diplomatic initiatives aimed at dealing with the continued British and Spanish presence in North America, as U.S. settlers migrated beyond the Appalachians and sought free navigation of the Mississippi River.

– B) War between France and Britain resulting from the French Revolution presented challenges to the United States over issues of free trade and foreign policy and fostered political disagreement. – C) George Washington’s Farewell Address encouraged national unity, as he cautioned against political factions and warned about the danger of permanent foreign alliances.

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Calls during the ratification process for greater guarantees of rights resulted in the addition of a Bill of Rights shortly after the Constitution was adopted.

Demographics of the new nation Census million people Cities growing- Philadelphia, New York, Boston, Charleston, and Baltimore 90% rural 95% lived east of the Appalachians Within fourteen years, Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio all added as states within 14 years

As the first national administrations began to govern under the Constitution, continued debates about such issues as the relationship between the national government and the states, economic policy, and the conduct of foreign affairs led to the creation of political parties. – Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions – Hamilton’s Financial Plan – Proclamation of Neutrality

Election of Washington Unanimously chosen by the Electoral College in 1789 – Only presidential nominee to be chosen unanimously Took oath of office on April 30, 1789 in NYC

"My station is new; and, if I may use the expression, I walk on untrodden ground." --George Washington in a letter, January 9, 1790

Opening of George Washington's first inaugural address, April 30, 1789

"The preservation of the sacred fire of liberty, and the destiny of the Republican model of Government, are justly considered as deeply, perhaps as finally staked, on the experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people."

Department Heads Under Washington Constitution does not mention a cabinet, but Washington set precedent by creating one – Secretary of State- Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of the Treasury- Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of War- Henry Knox

Table 10-1 p182

Bill of Rights Adopted in 1791 Protection of freedoms – Freedom of speech, press, religion, assembly and petition – bear arms, trial by jury Protection against abuse of power – No cruel and unusual punishment – Protection against arbitrary gov’t seizure of private property

9 th Amendment – People have rights beyond those enumerated 10 th Amendment – All powers not delegated or prohibited by the Constitution belong to the states or the people

Judiciary Act of 1789 Organized the Supreme Court (John Jay became the first Chief Justice) Established federal district and circuit courts Established the office of attorney general

Hamilton’s Financial Plan “Funding at par” – Federal government would pay off its debts at face value- more than $54 million – (people had been losing faith that the new government would be able to meet its obligations and the value of government bonds had depreciated to cents on the dollar) “Assumption” – Federal government would assume state debts. This would tie the states more to the fed. gov’t.

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States with heavy debts, like Massachusetts, supported the proposal States with little debt, like Virginia, opposed it

The Bargain 1790 Hamilton convinced Jefferson to support the plan for assumption in return for the new federal district (D.C.) to be located on the Potomac

Figure 10-1 p184

Debt as a national blessing? If the government owes people money, those people have a stake in the success of that government

Revenue Foreign trade and protection of American manufacturing were two elements of Hamilton’s economic plan Custom duties (tariff revenues) – Dependent upon foreign trade – 1789 a low tariff was passed Designed to raise revenue and protect infant industries Excise taxes (internal tax on certain goods) – Whiskey – Fell heavily on backcountry distillers

Whiskey Rebellion 1794, southwestern Pennsylvania Distillers used arguments and symbols of the Revolution Washington called for militias from the states. 13,000 troops responded. Whiskey Rebellion faded. Government was strengthened

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A National Bank Hamilton proposed it – Argued that the Necessary and Proper (“elastic”) clause gave the government the authority to create one. This was an “implied power.” -”loose construction” Jefferson opposed it – Argued that since it was not in the Constitution, the power to create banks remained with the states (Article X) – “strict construction” Washington signed it into law The Bank of the United States created 1791 – Chartered for 20 years – Capital of $10 million (1/5 th owned by Fed. Gov’t)

Spirit, pp Where do Hamilton and Jefferson stand on the various issues? At its core, what is their debate really about?

Pair-Share What do you know about our two current political parties and the two-party system?

Political Opinion Poll Political opinion poll- press.org/political-party-quiz/newshour/ press.org/political-party-quiz/newshour/

The Emergence of Political Parties Organized opposition to Hamilton’s revenue- raising and centralizing policies began to build Previously, factions (Whigs/Tories, Feds/Anti- Feds) had existed as opposed to organized political parties Beginning of America’s two-party system The party out of power (“the loyal opposition”) acts as a check on the party in power

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Table 10-3 p198

To what extent do our current political parties align to Hamilton’s Federalists and Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans?

Assignment Washington’s Farewell Address -Briefly summarize George Washington's beliefs about political parties. -What warning about foreign nations does Washington give in his farewell address? Why was it to the advantage of America to remain aloof? Did Washington reject all alliances in all circumstances? Are the concerns that Washington had about the nation's foreign affairs still applicable today? Why or why not? -Why do you think Washington was so concerned about these two issues (political parties and foreign entanglements)? -Considering the role of political parties in our country today, were Washington's concerns valid?

Foreign Policy

Key Concepts- Review In response to domestic and international tensions, the new United States debated and formulated foreign policy initiatives and asserted an international presence. As western settlers sought free navigation of the Mississippi River, the U.S. forged diplomatic initiatives to manage the conflict with Spain and to deal with the continued British presence on the American continent.

The French Revolution France declared itself a Republic 1793 King Louis XVI beheaded and Reign of Terror begins The French Revolution’s spread throughout Europe and beyond helped fuel Americans’ debate not only about the nature of the United States’ domestic order but also about its proper role in the world.

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French Revolution was initially supported by many Americans, especially Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans When a world war erupted as a result, however, Americans became less supportive

Neutrality Proclamation 1793 Officially declared America’s neutrality in the battle between England and France Marked the beginning of America’s isolationist tradition

Key Concept During and after the colonial war for independence, various tribes attempted to forge advantageous political alliances with one another and with European powers to protect their interests, limit migration of white settlers, and maintain their tribal lands. – Iroquois Confederation, Chief Little Turtle, and the Western Confederacy

Map 10-1 p191

Chief Little Turtle and the Miami Confederacy (which had been armed by the British) defeat U.S. forces in one of the worst U.S. defeats in the history of the frontier 1794 Battle of Fallen Timbers – Miamis defeated Treaty of Greenville (1795)- the Miami Indians surrendered their claims to much of the Old Northwest.

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Map 9-3 p167

Tensions w/ Britain British goods flooded the American market while American exports were blocked by British trade restrictions and tariffs Britain maintained forts in North America that they had agreed to leave under the Treaty of Paris Britain impressed American sailors and seized naval and military supplies from American ships

Jay’s Treaty Britain agreed to abandon the northwestern forts and provided the U.S. with a commercial treaty (although U.S. commerce with the British West Indies remained restricted). Other issues (Canadian-Maine border, compensation for pre-revolutionary debts, and British seizures of American ships) were to be resolved by arbitration. Maintained peace with Britain, but was unpopular with the American public.

Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 Resolved territorial disputes between Spain and the U.S. Granted American ships the right to free navigation of the Mississippi and duty free transport through the port of New Orleans

Key Concept Although George Washington’s Farewell Address warned about the dangers of divisive political parties and permanent foreign alliances, European conflict and tensions with Britain and France fueled increasingly bitter partisan debates throughout the 1790s.

Washington’s Farewell Address 1796 Printed in the newspapers Warned against permanent alliances (Washington favored temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies)

State of the Union The central government was solidly established The country was expanding International commerce was growing U.S. had avoided foreign entanglements “The experimental stage had passed....” (p.201)