4 Unit 1 Section A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy FOREIGN LANGUAGE TEACHING AND RESEARCH PRESS AIR FORCE ENGINEERING UNIVERTISY 1

Doing the right thing is not the problem Doing the right thing is not the problem. Knowing what the right thing is, that’s the challenge. — Lyndon B. Johnson (36th US president) It is one thing to be clever and another to be wise. — George R. R. Martin (American author) 4 1 UNIT Life and Logic 2

Section A Life and Logic 4 1 Love and logic: The story of a fallacy UNIT Section A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy To talk about love and logic Objectives To further understand the text To apply the phrases and patterns To master the narrative essay writing skill

A Contents Love and logic: The story of a fallacy Section Warming-up Activities Text Study Language Application Summary

A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy Warming-up Activities Lead-in Section Warming-up Activities Lead-in Pre-reading Activities Cultural Background Love and logic: The story of a fallacy

1. What do you know about logic? It is the use and study of valid reasoning; Most prominent in the subjects of philosophy, mathematics, and computer science; Established as a formal discipline by Aristotle; One of the classical trivium (三学科), the other two being grammar and rhetoric; Divided into three parts: inductive reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning.

2. Do you think it is possible to deal with life in a completely rational and logical way? When it comes to making a choice, many people tend to use rational and logical reasoning; Males are more rational than females; Rational world is not necessarily a wonderful one; Rational individuals can make choices that are bad news for others; It is ridiculous to deal with love in a logical way.

Pre-reading Activities True or False The following are some statements to test your reasoning ability. Tell whether the conclusions after the word “Therefore” are true (T), false (F), or uncertain (U). Write your answer on the line before each statement.

1. All odd numbers are integers (整数). All even numbers Pre-reading Activities True or False 1. All odd numbers are integers (整数). All even numbers are integers. Therefore, all odd numbers are even numbers. 2. There are no dancers that aren’t slim and no singers that aren’t dancers. Therefore, all singers are slim. 3. A toothpick (牙签) is useful. Useful things are valuable. Therefore, a toothpick is valuable. 4. Three pencils cost the same as two erasers. Four erasers cost the same as one ruler. Therefore, pencils are more expensive than rulers. 5. Class A has a higher enrollment than Class B. Class C has a lower enrollment than Class B. Therefore, Class A has a lower enrollment than Class C. F T T F F

6. A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons. Pre-reading Activities True or False 6. A fruit basket contains more apples than lemons. There are more lemons in the basket than oranges. Therefore, the basket contains more apples than oranges. 7. Taking the train across town is quicker than taking the bus. Taking the bus across town is slower than driving a car. Therefore, taking the train across town is quicker than driving a car. 8. All the tulips in Zoe’s garden are white. All the roses in Zoe’s garden are yellow. Therefore, all the flowers in Zoe’s garden are either white or yellow. T U U

Philosophical reasoning mathematics Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information. Logic is the use and study of valid . The study of logic features most prominently in the subjects of philosophy, , and computer science. Philosophical reasoning mathematics To be continued

civilizations discipline grammar Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information. Logic was studied in several ancient , including India, China, Persia and Greece. In the West, logic was established as a formal by Aristotle, who gave it a fundamental place in philosophy. The study of logic was part of the classical trivium (三学科), which also included and rhetoric. civilizations discipline grammar To be continued

extended proof implication Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information. Logic was further by Al-Farabi who categorized it into two separate groups (idea and ). Later, Avicenna revived the study of logic and developed relationship between temporalis and the (时间与意义). In the East, logic was developed by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains (耆那教徒). extended proof implication To be continued

Listen to a short passage on logic, and fill in the missing information. Logic is often divided into three parts: reasoning, abductive reasoning, and deductive reasoning. inductive

1. What is a fallacy? And how is it used? Cultural Background Logic and Fallacy Questions Previewing 1. What is a fallacy? And how is it used? 2. How many types of fallacy do you know? Tips

What is a fallacy? And how is it used? Cultural Background Logic and Fallacy What is a fallacy? And how is it used? An error in reasoning that renders an argument logically invalid; By accident or design, logical fallacies are often used in debate or propaganda; To mislead people; To distract people from the real issue for the purpose of winning an argument.

2. How many types of fallacy do you know? Cultural Background Logic and Fallacy 2. How many types of fallacy do you know? Red Herring (转移话题) Appeal to Authority Begging the Question (诉诸权威) (循环论证) Dicto Simpliciter (绝对判断) Slippery Slope (滑坡谬误) Hasty Generalization Bandwagon (从众谬误) (草率结论) False Dilemma Ad Misericordiam (伪两难谬误) (文不对题) False Cause (post hoc) False Analogy (错误类比) (假因谬误) Ad Hominem ( 人身攻击)

A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy Text Study Main Idea & Structure Language Focus Critical Thinking Text Study A Section Love and logic: The story of a fallacy

What did the narrator do with his roommate Rob? (Para.1) Tips They made a deal that the narrator gives Rob his leather jacket, and Rob, in exchange, gives the narrator his girlfriend. 19

Pretty, well-off, radiant; Why did the narrator want to have Polly as his girl friend? (Paras. 2-3) Tips Pretty, well-off, radiant; The right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer; Help the narrator in his competition with other applicants to some elite law firms. 20

Part I — Paras. 1–__ 3 a college campus well-spoken The author sets the scene of the story by providing information about the four “wh-” words: who, where, what, and why. “Who” refers to the narrator, his roommate Rob, and the beautiful girl Polly. “Where” refers to . “What” and “why” refer to what to do and why to do it: The narrator decides to make Polly “ ” because as a promisingly brilliant lawyer, he wants to have a girlfriend who is not only beautiful but also intelligent. Part I — Paras. 1–__ 3 a college campus well-spoken

Paras. 4-8 After a day out with Polly, I drove her to a big old oak tree on a hill off the highway, where we could enjoy a perfect view of the . Then I was ready to talk with Polly about logic, the first thing under our discussion is the fallacy . banner luminous city Dicto Simpliciter 22

What is Dicto Simpliciter? Give an example. (Paras. 9-11) Tips An unqualified, too simple generalization; One example: Exercise is good, therefore, everybody should do exercise. 23

What is Hasty Generalization? Give an example. (Paras. 12-15) Tips An unqualified, too simple generalization; One example: Exercise is good, therefore, everybody should do exercise. 24

What is Ad Misericordiam? Give an example. (Paras. 16-21) Tips Appealing to one’s sympathy instead of answering the question directly; One example: A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed. 25

What is False Analogy? Give an example. (Paras. 22-25) Tips Wrong inference; Making an analogy between two situations that are altogether different; One example: Students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have X-rays to guide them during surgery. 26

Part II — Paras. 4-25 The narrator tries to help Polly become smarter by giving her lessons in logic. Altogether he spends five nights teaching Polly four logical , namely, Dicto Simpliciter, , Ad Misericordiam, . fallacies Hasty Generalization False Analogy

Paras. 26-32 When the narrator asks Polly to be his girlfriend, Polly refutes his first argument “We make a pretty good couple” as “ ” and his second argument “You don’t have to eat a whole cake to know it’s good” as “ ”. Hasty Generalization False Analogy 28

Paras. 33-37 When the narrator asks Polly to be his girl friend, Polly refutes his third argument “Please say you’ll go out with me. I’m nothing without you” as “ ” and his fourth argument “You know the things you learn in school don’t have anything to do with real life” as “ ”. Ad Misericordiam Dicto Simpliciter 29

What happened at last? (Paras. 38-43) Tips Polly refused to be the girlfriend of the author; Full disclosure; Polly liked Rob in leather; She told Rob to make the pact with the author so that he could have the jacket. 30

Part III — Paras. 26-43 When asked to be the narrator’s girl friend, Polly refutes his arguments with the exact taught by him and refuses by making that she is dating the narrator simply because it is a trick she and Rob have decided to play on him in order to get his . logical fallacies full disclosure leather jacket

Introduction to the story The narrator and Rob make a deal: the exchange of a leather jacket for Polly. (Para. 1) Polly has some basic qualities to be the girlfriend of a lawyer.(Para. 2) Polly needs to be made more intelligent. (Para. 3)

Body (Development of the story) Introduction Body (Development of the story) Why logic is important (Para. 4-8) The first logical fallacy taught to Polly: Dicto Simpliciter (Paras. 9-11) The second logical fallacy taught to Polly: Hasty Generalization (Paras. 12-15) The third logical fallacy taught to Polly: Ad Misericordiam (Paras. 16-21) The fourth logical fallacy taught to Polly: False Analogy (Paras. 22-25)

Introduction Body The climax and end of the story (Polly’s refutation and the final disclosure) “We make a pretty good couple.” Hasty Generaliza-tion. (Paras. 26-30) “You don’t have to eat a whole cake to know it’s good.” False Analogy. (Paras. 31-32) “Please say you’ll go out with me. I’m nothing without you.” Ad Misericordiam. (Paras. 33-35) “You know the things you learn in school don’t have anything to do with real life.” Dicto Simpliciter. (Paras. 36-37) Climax of the story: Polly refuses to be the narrator’s girlfriend. (Paras. 38-43)

Introduction Body Climax & End

Love and logic: The story of a fallacy My roommate Rob made a with me that he’d give me his girlfriend Polly in exchange for my jacket. And I agreed. Polly had the right background to be the girlfriend of a lawyer like myself. She was pretty, well-off, and radiant. Still, I want to dispense her enough to make her “well-spoken”. pact dogged, brilliant pearls of wisdom To be continued

So I tried my best to teach her such logical as Dicto Simpliciter, Hasty Generalization, Ad Misericordiam, and False Analogy. After five nights of diligent work, I actually made a out of Polly. She was an at last. fallacies logician analytical thinker To be continued

When I asked her to develop our relationship into a one, however, she my arguments as those logical fallacies I had taught her! And she refused my proposition by making full : She liked Rob in leather, therefore, she had told him to make the pact with me so that Rob could have my . romantic refuted disclosure jacket

Practical Phrases Specific Meanings 1. In exchange for… 作为对……的交换 2. Set a date for 为……定日期 3. Appeal to 唤起；吸引 4. make/draw an analogy between 在……之间作类比 5. Make sth. out of sb./sth. 使……变成…… 6. Give sb. the axe 抛弃（恋人）；解雇 7. Be dripping with … 满是……

短语应用 意群提示 作为对……的交换 短语逆译 in exchange for… 为了给后代换来一个和平的环境，我们的革命先烈们抛头颅、洒热血。 意群提示 (revolutionary predecessors/shed blood/sacrifice one’s life) In exchange for a peaceful environment for the future generations, our revolutionary predecessors shed their blood and even sacrificed their precious lives.

短语应用 意群提示 为……定日期 短语逆译 set a date for 要想取得成功，最好马上开始努力，不要推三推四。 (to achieve success/rather than) In order to achieve success, one had better start immediately rather than set dates for his/her efforts.

短语应用 意群提示 唤起；吸引 短语逆译 appeal to 这所大学拥有许多世界知名的专家、教授以及世界上最好的研究图书馆，因此吸引了来自世界各地的学子和研究人员。 意群提示 (boast/research library) This university boasts many world-famous experts, professors, and the world’s best research library, therefore, it appeals to students and researchers from all over the world.

make/draw an analogy between 在……之间作类比 短语逆译 短语应用 我们经常把学习和登山进行类比：两者在你达到巅峰之前都需要付出巨大的努力。 意群提示 (require great efforts/reach the top) We often make an analogy between studying and climbing a mountain: both of them require great efforts before you can reach the top.

短语应用 意群提示 使……变成…… 短语逆译 make sth. out of sb./sth. 这所军校的目标是经过四年的学习与训练将这些年轻的军校生变成合格的军官。 意群提示 (military academy/young cadets) The aim of the military academy is to make qualified officers out of the young cadets after four years’ study and training.

短语应用 意群提示 抛弃（恋人）；解雇 短语逆译 give sb. the axe 如果你继续浪费宝贵的大学时光，毕业时你将一事无成。 (play away/upon graduation) If you continue playing your precious college years away, success will give you the axe upon graduation.

短语应用 意群提示 满是…… 短语逆译 be dripping with … 这位漂亮的女士尽管浑身珠光宝气，言行却低俗无礼。 (words and actions/vulgarity and rudeness) Though the beautiful lady is dripping with jewels, her words and actions are dripping with vulgarity and rudeness.

用于表达“假设” 用于表达“强调” 用于表达“对比” Functional Patterns Functions & Usages 1. If sb. could do …, sb. just might do … 用于表达“假设” 2. Sb. never/seldom do .... Instead, sb. do … 用于表达“强调” 3. Look at …, look at …. Can you do …? 用于表达“对比” 47

原句译文 逆译练习 如果我能够让我所申请的顶尖律师事务所看到我身边伴随着一位光彩照人、谈吐优雅的另一半，我就很有可能在竞聘中以微弱优势获胜。 If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, well-spoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the competition. 句型提炼 48

句型提炼 If sb. could do …, sb. just might do … 应用提示 用于表达 “假设”。 句型应用 49

典型例句 意群提示 如果你能好好利用现有的一切而不是幻想你所没有的，你很可能已经取得巨大的成功了。 ( make the best of/dream of) If you could make the best of what you have instead of dreaming of what you don’t have, you just might have already achieved great success.

原句译文 逆译练习 这个人根本没有回答老板的问题，而只是在博取老板的同情。 The man never answered the boss’s question. Instead he appealed to the boss’s sympathy. 句型提炼 51

句型提炼 Sb. never/seldom do .... Instead, sb. do … 应用提示 用于表达“强调”。 句型应用 52

典型例句 意群提示 一些人民公仆从不为人民服务，而只是利用手中的特权、职权最大程度地为自己谋取私利。 (public servant/ take advantage of/privileges and authorities) Some of our public servants never serve the people, instead they take advantage of their privileges and authorities to seek personal interests to the maximum extent.

原句译文 看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。再看看罗伯，一个肌肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。你是否能给我一个充足的理由，为什么要选择跟他？” 逆译练习 Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy who’ll never know where his next meal is coming from. Can you give me one good reason why you should be with him?” 句型提炼 54

句型提炼 Look at …, look at …. Can you do …? 应用提示 用于表达“对比”。 句型应用 55

典型例句 看看我们，住着高楼大厦，穿着耐克、阿迪，吃着麦当劳、肯德基，喝着百事和可乐。再看看那些战乱地区的难民们，躲在破烂不堪的草棚里，没穿、没吃、没喝。我们怎么还能抱怨我们的生活呢？ 意群提示 (tall buildings/war stricken areas/poor straw sheds) Look at us, living in tall buildings, wearing Nike and Adidas, eating McDonalds and KFCs, drinking Pepsis and Colas. Look at the refugees in the war stricken areas, sheltering in poor straw sheds, having almost nothing to wear, to eat and to drink. How can we complain about our lives?

她已经是“光彩照人”了。但我能够施予她足够多的“智慧之珠”，让她变得“谈吐优雅”。 a. “Radiant” she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her “well-spoken”. (Para.3, L1)

我们可以成为很好的一对儿。 b. We make a pretty good couple. (Para.29, L1)

毕竟你不需要吃掉整个蛋糕才知道它好不好。 c. After all, you don’t have to eat a whole cake to know it’s good. (Para.4, L6)

再错几步我可就无法挽回 了。 d. A few more false steps would be my doom. (Para.33, L2)

我一下跳了起来，怒火中烧。 e. I leaped to my feet, my temper flaring up. (Para.38, L1)

看看我，一个聪明过人的学生，一个不同凡响的学者，一个前途无量的人。 f. Look at me, an ingenious student, a tremendous intellectual, a man with an assured future. (Para.42, L1-2)

再看看罗伯，一个肌 肉发达的蠢材，一个有了上顿没下顿的家伙。 g. Look at Rob, a muscular idiot, a guy who’ll never know where his next meal is coming from. (Para.42, L2-3)

3. Can you think of a logical fallacy you 1. What logical fallacy is included in the story itself? Why do you think so? 2. What does the story tell us about love? And what does it tell us about smart people? 3. Can you think of a logical fallacy you have committed? Why is it a fallacy and what caused it? Tips

What logical fallacy is included in the story itself? Why do you think so? The story itself includes the fallacy “Dicto Simpliciter”. The narrator assumes that all girls would be happy to date a boy whose future is somewhat guaranteed. Therefore, Polly, a beautiful and wealthy young girl, would certainly fall in love with him – “an ingenious student” and “a man with an assured future”, rather than Rob – “a muscular idiot”. However, to the narrator’s surprise and disappointment, Polly chooses Rob in the end because Rob is fashionable and cool.

2. What does the story tell us about love? And what does it tell us about smart people? • Love is blind. It is ridiculous to use logic to deal with love; • Smart people sometimes can make wrong judgments; • Smart people are sometimes too arrogant and overconfident; • Smart people may fall victims to their own smartness.

3. Can you think of a logical fallacy you have committed? Why is it a fallacy and what caused it? Yes, certainly. Actually, logical fallacies are very common in our everyday life. I myself commit logical fallacies very often, too. For example, when I first met my roommate in college, I felt very surprised when he told me he didn’t like noodles. I asked, “People in the north of China like eating noodles. You are from the north, why don’t you like noodles?” Here I committed the logical fallacy “Dicto Simpliciter”. I falsely asserted that all people in the north should like noodles, and there should be no exception to this premise.

What do you know about the difference between Chinese and western patterns of thinking? Western pattern of thinking tends to be more logical than the Chinese one; Chinese integral pattern of thinking: man and nature are regarded as an integral whole; Nature-man Oneness, the unity of Heaven and Earth, Nature and Man, Male and Female, Yin and Yang; Instead of using logical argumentation of conception-judgment-reasoning, Chinese are used to forming a picture in the mind by imagination and use of intuitive experiences; Western analytical pattern of thinking: man and nature are separate; Man against nature, separation between subjective world and objective world; Viewing the objective world with objective and sober scientific attitudes; Exploring nature by means of logic and reason; Grasping the nature of a thing through its phenomena; Use of logical concepts.

Q: What truly is logic in our life? Watch a video clip and discuss some question. Tips Video Watching

Back

What truly is logic in our life? Logic is the use and study of valid reasoning. It is important to the development of human civilization, especially in the field of philosophy, mathematics, and sciences. Thanks to Aristotle, the study of logic became one part of the classical trivium, which also included grammar and rhetoric. And ever since then, it has been a useful tool for human beings to quest the world. to be continued

What truly is logic in our life? It’s true that we are living in a reasonable world of logic. But does that mean everything we see and experience follows certain logic? Definitely not. As the old saying goes: love is blind. In the text, the narrator tries to win Rob’s girl friend, Polly, over by logically thinking that all girls would be willing to date a boy who’s ingenious, intellectual, and with an assured future, but he failed miserably. It is not a wise thing to use logic to deal with love. to be continued

What truly is logic in our life? But on the other hand, love itself is logic. As can be learned in the video clip, after a lifetime of pursuit for the equations and logics that lead to reason, the Nobel prize winner finally asked himself, “What truly is logic? Who decides reason?” And he believes that he has made the most important discovery of his career as well as his life: It is only in the mysterious equations of love that any logical reasons can be found. So to live the true meaning out of our lives in this reasonably logical world, we need to love and be loved.

A Love and logic: The story of a fallacy Language Application Section Language Application Writing Devices Oral Reproduction Paragraph Translation Love and logic: The story of a fallacy

Write a narrative essay Narrative writing can be broadly defined as story writing. It is a piece of writing characterized by a main character who encounters a problem or engages in an interesting, significant or entertaining activity/experience in a particular setting. What happens to this main character is called the “plot”. The plot follows a “beginning, middle, end” sequence. The middle of the story is the largest and most significant part, which we call “the main event”. The main event is what the story is all about and involves either a problem to be solved or a significant life experience for the main character. to be continued

Structure of a Narrative Essay 1. Introduction: a beginning which introduces the setting and characters of the story, that is, the time, place and people involved in the story. 2. Body: an account and description of the main event that occurred. This part involves the problem /struggle sequence, or the adventure or interesting peak experience. 3. Conclusion: the part that brings the main event to a close, that is, the problem is solved or the adventure comes to an end.

Take a look at Text A to see how a narrative essay is structured.

Introduction: The author begins by making clear the setting and characters of the story through telling about a deal reached between the narrator and his roommate, Rob – the exchange of a leather jacket for a beautiful girl Polly. (Paras. 1-3) Body: Then the author continues by writing about the logic lessons the narrator gave to Polly, with vivid descriptions of many details such as his actions and feelings, as well as the girl’s responses to his teaching. (Paras. 4-25) Conclusion: Lastly, the author tells how Polly rejected the narrator’s arguments as logical fallacies by using what he had taught her. The climax of the story is reached when Polly refused to be the girlfriend of the narrator. With this humorous but ironic story, the author tries to illustrate the implied central theme: It is ridiculous to deal with love in a logical way. (Paras. 26-43)

Read the sample essay and see how the examples are developed and organized.

Topic: My first meeting with my roommate Introduction: Introduce the setting and characters of the story (the time, place and people involved). Body: Give a clear account of what happened (the main event) and include some vivid descriptions of details such as feelings, images, actions, thoughts, facial expressions, etc. Conclusion: Give a final thought to the story. to be continued

Sample: It was my first day at the university. After finishing all the registration procedures, I got into the building where I was assigned to live and searched one door after another for my room number. Finally, I got it. Inside the room, there was already a boy busy making his bed. (introduction) After briefly greeting me with “Hi, nice to meet you!” he seemed to have no word any more but continued his bed work quietly, paying no attention to me. “What a stuck-up fellow!” to be continued

Sample: I said to myself, feeling a little awkward. Sensing his lack of passion to talk to me, I began to examine our room. It was a small wood-floored dorm in rectangular shape, filled with two sets of bunk beds, tables and chairs, all of which had been thoroughly cleaned. “Was it done by my roommate, the guy with few words?” I asked myself. While getting my bag unpacked, I tried not to lose any chance to stare at him. He was short, thin and dark. His T-shirt was out of fashion and the color had faded; his trousers to be continued

Sample: were too loose like an old over-used mop; his sneakers were dirty and nearly ran broken. From the messy hair on his head and the tired look on his face, I could tell he had traveled a long way to come without having enough sleep. “Where is he from? Will he be too different from me?” I wondered. Meanwhile, I began to worry whether he would be easy to get along with. “Has your luggage arrived? Shall I help you to get it from the post office?” he suddenly asked me in a low voice after he finished making his bed. to be continued

Sample: I was a little surprised, but soon recovered and accepted his kind offer since I really needed help. He smiled and then asked me to follow him to the post office. We soon did the work that I would have to use an hour to finish by myself. (body) “What a good guy!” I told myself. “We will be friends, and there shouldn’t be anything to worry about.” Though he might be a bit quiet and shy, his generous help to me when we first met had made me believe that he would be a great roommate. (conclusion) to be continued

Writing practice Directions: Write an essay of no less than 200 words on one of the following topics. One topic has an outline you can follow.

Topic: My most embarrassing experience Introduction: Introduce the setting and characters of the story (the time, place and people involved). Body: Write about the incident that makes you feel so embarrassed. Include vivid descriptions of such details as feelings, images, actions, thoughts, facial expressions, etc. Conclusion: Conclude the essay with a final thought, a thought provoking question, or a change that you have made after the incident.

More topics: • A time I felt most proud of myself • An unforgettable bicycle tour

Retell the story by using the text’s Oral Reproduction Story Retelling Retell the story by using the text’s structure and expressions. Suppose you are to tell the text’s story to your audience using the third person.

You can follow the outline given below. Oral Reproduction Story Retelling You can follow the outline given below. Part I. Introduction The narrator and Rob make a deal: the exchange of a leather jacket for Polly. Why does the narrator want to have Polly as his girlfriend? Polly needs to be made more intelligent. To be continued

You can follow the outline given below. Oral Reproduction Story Retelling You can follow the outline given below. Part II. Body (Development of the Story) 1. The narrator begins to teach Polly logic in order to make her intelligent. 2. The first logical fallacy taught to Polly: Dicto Simpliciter. 3. The second logical fallacy taught to Polly: Hasty Generalization. 4. The third logical fallacy taught to Polly: Ad Misericordianm. 5. The fourth logical fallacy taught to Polly: False Analogy. To be continued

You can follow the outline given below. Oral Reproduction Story Retelling You can follow the outline given below. Part III. Conclusion (Climax and End of the Story) Polly refutes the narrator’s first argument as Hasty Generalization. Polly refutes the narrator’s second argument as False Analogy. Polly refutes the narrator’s third argument as Dicto Smipliciter. Polly makes the final disclosure and refuses to be the narrator’s girlfriend. To be continued

You may adopt the following expressions. Oral Reproduction Story Retelling You may adopt the following expressions. make a pact keep back one’s tears in exchange for make an analogy between … a pretty, well-off, radiant, and well-spoken girl make a logician out of sb. a dogged, brilliant lawyer leap to one’s feet pearls of wisdom flare up set a date for give sb. the ax appeal to one’s sympathy be dripping with …

Translate a paragraph based on a summary of the text by using the expressions from the text.

波莉拥有合适的家庭背景，足以胜任一名像我一样坚忍而睿智的律师的女友。她漂亮、富有、光彩照人。但是，我想赋予她足够的智慧之珠，从而使得她谈吐优雅。 the right background a dogged, brilliant lawyer Pretty, well-off, and radiant dispense sb. enough pearls of wisdom To be continued

因此我尽最大的努力教会她诸 如绝对判断、草率结论、文不对题、错误类比的逻辑谬误。在经过五个夜晚的辛勤工作后，我竟然真的将波莉打造成了一个逻辑学行家，她终于能够进行分析思考了。 Dicto Simpliciter Hasty Generalization logical fallacies make sth. out of sb. be an analytical thinker To be continued

Polly had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer like myself. She was pretty, well-off, and radiant. Still, I want to dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her “well-spoken”. So I tried my best to teach her such logical fallacies as Dicto Simpliciter, Hasty Generalization, Ad Misericordiam, and False Analogy. After five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last.

the Useful Expressions the Functional Patterns Thematic study A Section Summary Revision of the Useful Expressions the Functional Patterns Love and logic: The story of a fallacy

1 作为对……的交换 2 为……定日期 3 唤起；吸引 4 在……之间作类比 5 使……变成…… 6 抛弃（恋人）；解雇 7 满是…… 8 签订协定 9 化妆 10 坚韧而睿智的律师 in exchange for … set a date for… appeal to make an analogy between … make sth. out of sb./sth. give sb. the axe be dripping with make a pact wear makeup a dogged, brilliant lawyer

11 施予某人智慧之珠 12 使心情放轻松 13 刹车踏板 14 扭曲事实 15 忍住泪水 16 超越某人的期望 17 一下跳了起来 18 怒火中烧 19 不同凡响的学者 20 四肢发达的蠢材 dispense sb. pearls of wisdom lighten the mood brake pedal distort the truth keep back one’s tears surpass one’s expectations leap to one’s feet (temper) flare up a tremendous intellectual a muscular idiot

the Functional Patterns Revision of the Functional Patterns Functions & Usages Sentence Patterns 1. 用于表达“假设” 2. 用于表达“强调” 3. 用于表达“对比” If sb. could do …, sb. just might do … Sb. never/seldom do .... Instead, sb. do … 上面挤，下面空 Look at …, look at …. Can you do …?

A Section The end Love and logic: The story of a fallacy