Mav Mark 8/25/11  i.html i.html i.html  Safety Picture 1

Mav Mark 8/26/11  i.html i.html i.html  Safety picture 2

Mav Mark 8/29/11 Write question.  List 5 safety rules that you can think of when performing an experiment.

Mav Mark 8/31/11  1. What is the longest bone in the body? 2. What is botany? 3. How long does it take for the earth to make a complete orbit around the sun? 4. How many legs does a spider have? How many legs does an insect have? 5. What scientist is associated with the equation E = mc2? 6. What is the scientific name for a human? 7. Where does a panda bear live? 8. What is the molecular formula for water? 9. What are the colors of the rainbow? 10. Name all of the planets in the solar system, starting with the one closest to the sun.

Mav Mark 8/31/11  List and explain 3 similarities that exist between all cells.

Mav Mark 9/1/11  Explain the benefits of prokaryotic organisms.

Mav Mark 9/2/11  Compare and contrast Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.

Mav Mark 9/6/11  What are the three structures found in plant cells that are missing in animal cells?

Mav Mark 9/7/11 Match the following! A. Control Center of Cell B. Support and structure C. Breaks down waste D. Protein synthesis E. Separates cell from environment A. Ribosome B. Nucleus C. Cell Membrane D. Lysosome E. Cell Wall

Mav Mark 9/8/11 A. Largest and most visible organelle B. Manufactures lipids C. Hereditary Material in a cell D. Smallest and most abundant organelle E. Organized structures of DNA A. DNA B. Nucleus C. Chromosome D. Ribosome E. Endoplasmic Reticulum

Mav Mark 9/9/11  Test Day Sharpen pencil Sharpen pencil Clear desk Clear desk

The Cell & Organization of Life

History & Definition  First cells seen where cork cells in 1665 by Robert Hooke.  A cell is the smallest unit that can still carry on all life processes. Ex. Red blood cells, nerve cells Ex. Red blood cells, nerve cells

Cell Theory  All organisms are composed of one or more living cells  The cell is the basic unit of life in all living things.  All cells come from existing cells. (chicken or the egg?)

Cell Similarities  All Have cell membrane Have cell membrane Contain hereditary material (DNA) Contain hereditary material (DNA) Have Cytoplasm and Ribosomes Have Cytoplasm and Ribosomes Are small in size Are small in size Most cannot be seen with naked eyeMost cannot be seen with naked eye Ostrich eggOstrich egg

2 Main Types of Cells  Prokaryotic Include bacteria Include bacteria Do NOT have a nucleus Do NOT have a nucleus Have long circular DNA Have long circular DNA No membrane bound organelles No membrane bound organelles Contain ribosomes to make proteins. Contain ribosomes to make proteins. rod shaped, spherical, and spiral rod shaped, spherical, and spiral

Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria  Reproduction: Asexual Binary Fission: an organism duplicates its DNA and then divides into two parts, with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA. Binary Fission: an organism duplicates its DNA and then divides into two parts, with each new organism receiving one copy of DNA. Conjugation: Exchange of DNA between bacteria Conjugation: Exchange of DNA between bacteria

Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria  Either classified as eubacteria or archaea. Eubacteria: commonly found Eubacteria: commonly found Archaea: Live in extreme environments Archaea: Live in extreme environments

Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria “The Good”  Bioremediation: organisms are added to water to convert toxic pollutants, such as oil, into harmless substances.  Food Production: Butter, Cheese, Yogurt, Sauerkraut, Beer, Pickles, Olives, Chocolate, Coffee, Soy sauce, meats, etc.  Decompose dead organisms  Digesting food  Fix Nitrogen for Plants

Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria “The Bad”  Food Spoilage  Can cause disease in plants and animals  Produce Toxins

Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria “The Ugly”  Must be dealt with every day.  People die each year from infections.  Bubonic Plague: Killed 2 out of 3 patients in 2-6 days without treatment Killed 2 out of 3 patients in 2-6 days without treatment Yersina pestis Yersina pestis  Anthrax

Prokaryotic Cells: Bacteria  Ways to prevent disease: Wash hands!!! Wash hands!!! Cook food thoroughly. Cook food thoroughly. Keep foods cold.(slows metabolism) Keep foods cold.(slows metabolism) Antibiotics Antibiotics

2 Main Types of Cells  Eukaryotic (YOU!) More complex & larger than proK More complex & larger than proK Have membrane bound organelles Have membrane bound organelles Has a nucleus Has a nucleus Has more DNA than proK Has more DNA than proK DNA is linear DNA is linear Animal, plant, fungi Animal, plant, fungi NOT BACTERIA NOT BACTERIA

Eukaryotic Cells  Divided Into Plant Cells & Animal Cells  Both of these have Organelles: structures that enable the cell to live, grow, and reproduce.

A Plant Cell Plant Cell Organelles Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Large Vacuole Mitochondria Chloroplasts & Other Plastids Golgi Apparatus (Complex)

Animal Cell Organelles: Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Small Vacuoles Mitochondria Golgi Apparatus (Complex) Lysosomes An Animal Cell

Organelles  What’s holding it all together? Cell Wall Cell Wall Found in plant and algae cellsFound in plant and algae cells Made of celluloseMade of cellulose Provides strength and supportProvides strength and support Helps plants protect themselves from too much water entering or leaving the cellHelps plants protect themselves from too much water entering or leaving the cell

Organelles What’s holding it all together? Cell Membrane ALL cells are covered by a cell membrane.  Its job is to :  keep the cytoplasm in  allow waste out and nutrients in  interact with other cells.  Made of phospholipid bilayer.  Hydrophobic: hate water (tails)  Hydrophilic: loves water (heads)

Organelles  Cell’s Information Station: Nucleus Largest and most visible organelle in euK cell Largest and most visible organelle in euK cell Means “kernel” or “nut” Means “kernel” or “nut” Stores DNA that has information for making proteins. Stores DNA that has information for making proteins. Surrounded by nuclear membrane Surrounded by nuclear membrane Contains a nucleolus that stores materials used to make ribosomes. Contains a nucleolus that stores materials used to make ribosomes.

Nucleus

Protein Factory  Ribosomes: Smallest, but most abundant organelle in the cell Smallest, but most abundant organelle in the cell Present in all cells Present in all cells Do not have a membrane covering Do not have a membrane covering Serve as the protein building location Serve as the protein building location

Endoplasmic Reticulum  May be smooth (does not have ribosomes) or rough (has ribosomes)  Makes lipids for use in/out side the cell.  Break down drugs and other chemicals that could damage the cell

Cell’s Power Plant  Mitochondria: Breaks down food molecules into ATP for energy Breaks down food molecules into ATP for energy Surrounded by two membranes: the inner membrane has folds where most of ATP is made Surrounded by two membranes: the inner membrane has folds where most of ATP is made Need oxygen to work Need oxygen to work Active cells like those in the liver and heart have thousands of them Active cells like those in the liver and heart have thousands of them

Cell’s Power Plant  Chloroplasts: Found in plant and algae cells Found in plant and algae cells Make food from sunlight Make food from sunlight Have flattened membrane covered sacs that look like coins that contain chlorophyll which makes chloroplast green Have flattened membrane covered sacs that look like coins that contain chlorophyll which makes chloroplast green Chlorophyll traps sunlight to make sugar through photosynthesis Chlorophyll traps sunlight to make sugar through photosynthesis

Other Common Plastids  Chloroplasts: the most commonly known of the Plastids—Green in color  Chromoplasts: Allow storage of pigments that give plants colors other than green— red, orange, etc.  Leucoplasts: Store starches & lipids, give plants a white color

Endosymbiotic theory  Where did they come from? Scientist believe that mitochondria and chloroplast began as proK and were eaten by larger cells. Scientist believe that mitochondria and chloroplast began as proK and were eaten by larger cells. Evidence that supports this theory: Evidence that supports this theory: They are about the same size as bacteriaThey are about the same size as bacteria They are surrounded by two membranesThey are surrounded by two membranes

Cell’s Packaging Center  Golgi Complex: Looks like flattened sacs (similarly to the ER, but is closer to cell membrane.) Looks like flattened sacs (similarly to the ER, but is closer to cell membrane.) Lipids and proteins are delivered from the ER and modified for different functions Lipids and proteins are delivered from the ER and modified for different functions Final products are enclosed in Golgi membrane and then pinched off for transport either within the cell or outside the cell. Final products are enclosed in Golgi membrane and then pinched off for transport either within the cell or outside the cell.

Golgi Complex

Cell’s Storage Centers  EuK have membrane covered sacs called vesicles. Form either when… Form either when… Part of membrane pinches of ER or Golgi ComplexPart of membrane pinches of ER or Golgi Complex Cell membrane engulf something from outside the cell.Cell membrane engulf something from outside the cell.

Cell’s Storage Centers  Most plant cells have a large membrane covered chamber called a vacuole. It is used to store water. It is used to store water. Pigments in the liquid can cause color in plants like red roses. Pigments in the liquid can cause color in plants like red roses.

Waste Management  Lysosome Bump into vesicles and secrete enzyme to digest them. Bump into vesicles and secrete enzyme to digest them. Destroy damaged organelles and get rid of waste Destroy damaged organelles and get rid of waste Protects cell from foreign particles that enter the cell by destroying them Protects cell from foreign particles that enter the cell by destroying them Sometimes lysosome membranes break and the enzymes kill the cell. Sometimes lysosome membranes break and the enzymes kill the cell. Tadpole-frogTadpole-frog Human webbed fingers.Human webbed fingers.

Summary OrganelleFunction Cell Wall Rigid, Protects & Supports Cell Membrane Controls what enters & exits a cell Nucleus Contains DNA, Control Center Ribosome Site of protein manufacturing ER Makes lipids, packages proteins Mitochondria Breaks down food to make ATP Chloroplast Uses sunlight to make food Golgi Complex Refines materials and transports Vacuole Stores water Lysosome Digest food, destroys bad stuff

Looking Inside Cells Compare and contrast the structures present in plant cells and animal cells.

Cell Movement  Flagella: tail-like projections  Pseudopod: false-foot  Cilia: finger-like projections (some non- motile)

Organization of Life  If a group of cells work together to perform a specific job in the body then they form tissues. Muscle cells working together to form muscle tissue Muscle cells working together to form muscle tissue

Tissues: Cells working together  Epithelial: (skin) covers and protects underlying tissue.  Nervous: sends signals throughout the body

Tissues: Cells working together  Muscle: composed of cells that can contract and relax to produce movement  Connective: (blood, collagen) joins, supports, protects, nourishes, and cushions organs

Tissues

Organization of Life  If two or more tissues work together to perform a specific job in the body then they form an organ. Ex. Ex. Stomach, heart, skinStomach, heart, skin Stems, rootsStems, roots

Organization of Life  If two or more organs work together to perform a specific job in the body then they form an organ system. Ex. Digestive system Ex. Digestive system

Organization of Life  An organism is anything that can live on its own. Unicellular: A single cell living on its own. Unicellular: A single cell living on its own. Ex: ameba, parameciumEx: ameba, paramecium Multicellular: Multiple cells that rely on each other for survival. Most of the cells in a multicellular organism cannot live outside the body. Multicellular: Multiple cells that rely on each other for survival. Most of the cells in a multicellular organism cannot live outside the body. Ex. UsEx. Us