Satellite Observations of Tropospheric Composition: Current and Future Research Paul Palmer, University of Leeds

Correlation of high ozone with temperature is driven by: 1) Stagnation, 2) Biogenic hydrocarbon emissions, 3) Chemistry Ozone exceedances of 90 ppbv, summer 2003 (#days) Model values for preindustrial ozone } European mountain- top observations [Marenco et al., 1994] Observed rise in ozone background at northern midlatitudes 0-1; 1-5; 5-10; >

NO HO 2 OH NO 2 O3O3 hv HC+OH  HCHO + products NOx, HC, CO Tropospheric O 3 is an important climate forcing agent IPCC, 2001 Level of Scientific Understanding Natural VOC emissions (50% isoprene) ~ CH 4 emissions.

Bottom-up Isoprene emissions, July 1996 MEGAN 3.6 Tg C GEIA 7.1 Tg C [10 12 atom C cm -2 s -1 ] Guenther et al, JGR, 1995 EPA BEIS2 2.6 Tg C Pierce et al, JGR, 1998 Guenther et al, ACP, 2006 E = A ∏ i γ i Emissions (x,y,t); fixed base emissions(x,y); sensitivity parameters(t)

Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) & the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) GOME (European), OMI (Finnish/USA) are nadir SBUV instruments Ground pixel (nadir): 320 x 40 km2 (GOME), 13 x 24 km2 (OMI) desc (GOME), asc (OMI) cross-equator time GOME: 3 viewing angles  global coverage within 3 days OMI: 60 across-track pixels  daily global coverage O3, NO2, BrO, OClO, SO2, HCHO, H2O, cloud properties Launched in 2004

GOME HCHO columns July 2001 [10 16 molec cm -2 ] Biogenic emissions Biomass burning * Columns fitted: nm * Fitting uncertainty < continental signals Data: c/o Chance et al

MayJunJulAugSep GOME HCHO column [10 16 molec cm -2 ] Palmer et al, JGR, 2006.

Relating HCHO Columns to VOC Emissions VOC HCHO hours OH hours h, OH Local linear relationship between HCHO and E k HCHO E VOC =  (k VOC Y VOC  HCHO )  HCHO ___________ VOC source Distance downwind  HCHO Isoprene  -pinene propane 100 km E VOC :  HCHO from GEOS-CHEM and MCM models Palmer et al, JGR, 2003.

MCM HCHO yield calculations Cumulative HCHO yield [per C]  pinene (  pinene similar) DAYS 0.4 Isoprene HOURS 0.5 NO x = 1 ppb NO x = 0.1 ppb Parameterization (1 ST -order decay) of HCHO production from monoterpenes in global 3-D CTM Higher CH 3 COCH 3 yield from monoterpene oxidation  delayed (and smeared) HCHO production Palmer et al, JGR, C 5 H 8 +OH  (i) RO 2 +NO  HCHO, MVK, MACR (ii) RO 2 +HO 2  ROOH ROOH  recycle RO and RO 2

Monthly mean AVHRR LAI MEGAN (isoprene) Canopy model Leaf age LAI Temperature Fixed Base factors MODEL BIOSPHERE GEIA Monoterpenes MBO Acetone Methanol Modeling Overview GEOS-CHEM Global 3D CTM PAR, T Emissions MCM: parameterized HCHO source from monoterpenes and MBO

Seasonal Variation of Y2001 Isoprene Emissions Good accord for seasonal variation, regional distribution of emissions (differences in hot spot locations – implications for O 3 prod/loss). Other biogenic VOCs play a small role in GOME interpretation May Jun Aug Sep Jul atom C cm -2 s -1 GOMEMEGAN GOME Palmer et al, JGR, 2006.

GOME Isoprene Emissions: MayJunJulAugSep [10 12 molecules cm -2 s -1 ] Relatively inactive Palmer et al, JGR, 2006.

Surface temperature explains 80% of GOME- observed variation in HCHO NCEP Surface Temperature [K] GOME HCHO Slant Column [10 16 molec cm -2 ] G98 fitted to GOME data G98 Modeled curves Time to revise model parameterizations of isoprene emissions? Palmer et al, JGR, 2006.

Tropical ecosystems represent 75% of biogenic NMVOC emissions What controls the variability of NMVOC emissions in tropical ecosystems? Importance of VOC emissions in C budget? Kesselmeier, et al, 2002 GOME HCHO column, July

Challenges: Cloud cover, biomass burning, and lack of fundamental understanding of NMVOC emissions… OMI, 24/9-19/10, x24 km 2 TES 6km, 11/04 O3O3 CO MODIS Firecount O 3 -CO-NO 2 -HCHO- firecount correlations import to utilize when looking at the tropics Improved cloud- clearing algorithms and better spatial resolution data help. TES data c/o Bowman, JPL A more integrated approach to understanding controls of NMVOCs, e.g., surface data, lab data,

Beta NO 2 column data, OMI, August 2004 NAEI NO X emissions as NO 2, 2002 O(1 km) O(few kms) O(10s km) For example, NO 2 Horizontal spatial scales Resolution of new satellite data allows UK air quality monitoring from space “Expect harmful levels of ozone and PM2.5 over the next couple of days; please keep small children and animals inside. Transatlantic pollution represent 20% of today’s ozone.”

Many scientific milestones on the way to operational NCWP UKCA: global 3-D coupled chemistry- aerosol-climate model UM mesoscale version of UKCA over UK (JCMM, UKMO) Data assimilation/inverse modelling tools for interpreting satellite data. Eg, estimating inter- species error covariance, Numerical chemical weather prediction (NCWP)  Public consumption Air-quality-climate links Improved understanding of surface fluxes, aerosol- chemistry processes, and dynamics… DATA

“First global space-based measurements of CO 2 with the precision and spatial resolution needed to quantify carbon sources and sinks” The Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO) Spectroscopic observations of CO 2 ( 1.61  m and 2.06  m) and O 2 (0.765  m) to estimate the column integrated CO 2 dry air mole fraction, X CO2 = x (column CO 2 ) / (column O 2 ) Precisions of 1 ppm on regional scales Global coverage in 16 days (nadir 1x1.5 km footprint) JPL-based instrument: PI D. Crisp; Deputy PI: C. Miller (Crisp et al, 2004) Launch in year mission

Continuous mapping of tropospheric columns of O 3, AOD, CO, HCHO, NO 2, SO 2 at km-scale resolution Continental-scale for Geo, full sunlit disk for L1 GeoTROPE and Cameo, Janus Geostationary and L1 mission concepts L SEVIRI, September µm AOD. C/o RAL GEO Midday sun-glint screening L1 worked successfully for SOHO – solar physics satellite sun * L1 x x/ 100