PLATE TECTONICS The Earth’s Crust is in Motion

Relating Plate Tectonics to the Rock Cycle and other Processes

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Structure of the Earth 1km= mi

4 Main Layers of the Earth Crust – Made up of two types: Oceanic and Continental. Contains mostly Silicon, Oxygen, and Aluminum Crust – Made up of two types: Oceanic and Continental. Contains mostly Silicon, Oxygen, and Aluminum Mantle – Divided into upper and lower mantle; mostly Iron and magnesium Mantle – Divided into upper and lower mantle; mostly Iron and magnesium Outer Core – Liquid, mostly Iron and Nickel Outer Core – Liquid, mostly Iron and Nickel Inner Core – Solid, Mostly Iron and Nickel Inner Core – Solid, Mostly Iron and Nickel

Layers of the Earth

Comparison of Earth’s Two Types of Crust Oceanic Oceanic Continental Continental Thinner and more dense Thinner and more dense Made up mostly of mafic (basaltic) igneous rocks basalt and gabbro Made up mostly of mafic (basaltic) igneous rocks basalt and gabbro Thicker and less dense Thicker and less dense Made up mostly of the felsic (granitic) igneous rocks granite and rhyolite Made up mostly of the felsic (granitic) igneous rocks granite and rhyolite

Theories Prior to Plate Tectonics Continental Drift Continental Drift Proposed by Alfred Wegener Proposed by Alfred Wegener Says that the continents have moved horizontally to their present location Says that the continents have moved horizontally to their present location

Evidence for Continental Drift Continents fit together Continents fit together Fossils Fossils Continents fit like a puzzle Continents fit like a puzzle Wegener called this large landmass Pangaea Wegener called this large landmass Pangaea Fossils of similar animals such as mesosaurus and plants like glossopteris were found on different continents. Fossils of similar animals such as mesosaurus and plants like glossopteris were found on different continents. (See fig. 2, p.273) (See fig. 2, p.273)

Movement of the Continents

Another View

Evidence for Continental Drift (continued) Climate Climate Rock Type and Structure Rock Type and Structure Warm-weather fossils found in the Arctic Warm-weather fossils found in the Arctic Evidence of glaciers found in present-day warm areas. Evidence of glaciers found in present-day warm areas. Same rock types and structures on different continents (example: Eastern U.S. and Western Europe Same rock types and structures on different continents (example: Eastern U.S. and Western Europe

Why was Wegener’s Original Proposal of Continental Drift not Accepted?

Theories Prior to Plate Tectonics (continued) Seafloor Spreading Seafloor Spreading Proposed by Harry Hess. Proposed by Harry Hess. The theory states that hot, less dense material in the mantle is forced upward to the surface at the mid - ocean ridges. The theory states that hot, less dense material in the mantle is forced upward to the surface at the mid - ocean ridges.

Seafloor Spreading (continued) As magma is forced upward at mid-ocean ridges, it flows in opposite directions away from the ridge. As magma is forced upward at mid-ocean ridges, it flows in opposite directions away from the ridge. As it moves away from the ridge, the magma cools, solidifies, gets thinner and becomes ___more___ dense. As it moves away from the ridge, the magma cools, solidifies, gets thinner and becomes ___more___ dense. Becoming more dense than the asthenosphere below it, the oceanic crust sinks downward at convergent boundaries, forming trenches Becoming more dense than the asthenosphere below it, the oceanic crust sinks downward at convergent boundaries, forming trenches

Evidence for Seafloor Spreading Age of the Seafloor Age of the Seafloor Oceanic crust is younger than continental crust Oceanic crust is younger than continental crust Oceanic crust is million years old while continental crust is almost 4 billion years old. Oceanic crust is million years old while continental crust is almost 4 billion years old. Rocks are younger at the mid-ocean ridges and get increasingly older away from the ridge on both sides Rocks are younger at the mid-ocean ridges and get increasingly older away from the ridge on both sides

Evidence for Seafloor Spreading (continued) Magnetic Clues Magnetic Clues Iron minerals in basaltic rocks align with the Earth’s magnetic field. Iron minerals in basaltic rocks align with the Earth’s magnetic field. The magnetic field has reversed several times. The magnetic field has reversed several times. The reversal creates an alternating pattern of normal and reversed polarity that is the same on both sides of the ridge (see fig.7, p.278). The reversal creates an alternating pattern of normal and reversed polarity that is the same on both sides of the ridge (see fig.7, p.278).

Theory of Plate Tectonics (Unifying theory that explains many complex Earth systems); (Unifying theory that explains many complex Earth systems); This theory helps explain continental _______, seafloor ________, AND provides a cause (mechanism) for these movements of the crust. This theory helps explain continental _______, seafloor ________, AND provides a cause (mechanism) for these movements of the crust. The cause was what was lacking in the previous theories. The cause was what was lacking in the previous theories.

Theory of Plate Tectonics (cont.) Theory of Plate Tectonics (cont.) The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth’s continental and oceanic crust is broken up into sections. These sections are called tectonic or lithospheric plates, and they move over the surface the Earth. The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth’s continental and oceanic crust is broken up into sections. These sections are called tectonic or lithospheric plates, and they move over the surface the Earth. The larger plates and their boundaries can be seen in figure 9 on page 281. The larger plates and their boundaries can be seen in figure 9 on page 281.

Layers Related to Plate Tectonics Lithosphere Lithosphere Asthenosphere Asthenosphere Consists of the crust and rigid upper mantle Consists of the crust and rigid upper mantle Broken into large pieces called tectonic plates. Broken into large pieces called tectonic plates. Plastic-like part of the upper mantle. Plastic-like part of the upper mantle. Is beneath the lithosphere Is beneath the lithosphere

Tectonic Plate Boundaries 3 Types of Boundaries 3 Types of Boundaries Divergent – plates move away from each other Divergent – plates move away from each other Convergent – plates move toward each other Convergent – plates move toward each other Transform – plates slide past each other horizontally Transform – plates slide past each other horizontally As the tectonic (lithospheric) plates move along and above the asthenosphere, the plates meet at three types of boundaries:

Divergent Boundaries The tectonic plates are moving away from each other The tectonic plates are moving away from each other Characteristics of a divergent boundary are: Characteristics of a divergent boundary are: - Shallow-focus Earthquakes - Shallow-focus Earthquakes - Volcanoes since molten material of - Volcanoes since molten material of the mantle is so close to the surface. the mantle is so close to the surface. Examples of divergent boundaries are the Mid-Atlantic _______ and the East-African rift valley. Examples of divergent boundaries are the Mid-Atlantic _______ and the East-African rift valley.

A plume of hot magma rises from deep within the mantle pushing up the crust and causing pressure forcing the continent to break and separate. Lava flows and earthquakes would be seen.plume

As the rift valley expands two continental plates have been constructed from the original one. The molten rock continues to push the crust apart creating new crust as it does.

As the rift valley expands, water collects forming a sea.

The sea floor continues to spread and the plates get bigger and bigger.

Convergent Boundaries 1) Oceanic-to-Continental 2) Oceanic-to-Oceanic 3) Continental-to-Continental Plates move away from each other Plates move away from each other There are three types of convergent boundaries: There are three types of convergent boundaries:

Oceanic-to-Continental Convergent Boundaries The more dense __oceanic_____ crust subducts under the less dense ____continental_______ crust. The more dense __oceanic_____ crust subducts under the less dense ____continental_______ crust. Characteristics include: Characteristics include: - Trench at subduction zone - Trench at subduction zone - Volcanoes - Volcanoes - Shallow- and deep-focus earthquakes - Shallow- and deep-focus earthquakes An example is the ______ mountains on the west coast of South America An example is the ______ mountains on the west coast of South America

Andes Mountains in South America

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Oceanic-to-Oceanic Convergent Boundaries An older, cooler, and _____ dense oceanic plate subducts under another oceanic plate An older, cooler, and _____ dense oceanic plate subducts under another oceanic plate Characteristics include: Characteristics include: - Volcanic island arcs - Volcanic island arcs - Earthquakes and volcanoes - Earthquakes and volcanoes - Ocean or sea on both sides of the boundary - Ocean or sea on both sides of the boundary Examples of this type of boundary are Japan and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska Examples of this type of boundary are Japan and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska

Aleutian Island Chain, Alaska

Aleutian Mountains

Pavlof Volcano

Continental-to-Continental Convergent Boundary This occurs when less –dense continental-crust plates collide. This occurs when less –dense continental-crust plates collide. Being less dense, these plates can only move upward during collision. Being less dense, these plates can only move upward during collision. Characteristics include: Characteristics include: - Tall mountains - Tall mountains - Earthquakes (Shallow- and medium-focus) - Earthquakes (Shallow- and medium-focus) - Absence of __________ since there is no - Absence of __________ since there is no subduction. subduction. The Himalaya mountains where _____ and ____ collided are an example. The Himalaya mountains where _____ and ____ collided are an example.

Continental-to-Continental Convergent Boundary

Collision of India and Asia

Himalaya Mountains

Transform Plate Boundaries At this boundary, the tectonic plates slide past each other with little or no vertical movement or subduction. At this boundary, the tectonic plates slide past each other with little or no vertical movement or subduction. Characteristics of a transform boundary: Characteristics of a transform boundary: - Shallow-focus Earthquakes - Shallow-focus Earthquakes - An Absence of volcanoes since there is - An Absence of volcanoes since there is no subduction. no subduction. An example of a transform boundary is the ___ _______ fault in California An example of a transform boundary is the ___ _______ fault in California

Transform Boundary Example

Diagram of Transform Boundary

Example of Transform Boundary

Plate Boundary Summary

Other Characteristics Related to Plate Tectonics Volcanoes and Earthquakes are concentrated along plate boundaries Volcanoes and Earthquakes are concentrated along plate boundaries An example is the “ring of ____” around the Pacific Ocean An example is the “ring of ____” around the Pacific Ocean (See figures 2 on page 301 and 5 on page 333) (See figures 2 on page 301 and 5 on page 333)

Earthquakes are Also Concentrated Along Plate Boundaries

Other Characteristics of the Plate Tectonics Theory (continued) An EXCEPTION to earthquakes and volcanoes being along plate boundaries is the occurrence of hot spots. An EXCEPTION to earthquakes and volcanoes being along plate boundaries is the occurrence of hot spots. These occur where the mantle material is very close to the surface in isolated areas within a plate (See fig.8 on p.335) These occur where the mantle material is very close to the surface in isolated areas within a plate (See fig.8 on p.335) An example of a hot spot is ________ An example of a hot spot is ________

Plate Moves over Hot Spot, Creating an Island Chain

Map of Island Chain Created by the Hawaiian Hot Spot

What Causes the Plates to Move? The cause of tectonic (lithospheric) plate movement is __________ currents in the plastic-like mantle, or the __asthenosphere___________ The cause of tectonic (lithospheric) plate movement is __________ currents in the plastic-like mantle, or the __asthenosphere___________ There are different models made to explain these convection_ currents There are different models made to explain these convection_ currents (See figure 12 on page 285) (See figure 12 on page 285)

Now, Repeat Everything

Va. Tectonic landforms link