Pharynx (throat) Salivary Oral cavity glands (mouth) Esophagus Stomach Fig. 16.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pharynx (throat) Salivary glands Oral cavity (mouth) Esophagus Stomach Pancreas Small intestine Liver Large intestine Gallbladder Appendix Rectum Anus

Fig. 16.2 Blood vessels Enteric plexus Lymphatic vessel Nerve Gland in Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Blood vessels Enteric plexus Lymphatic vessel Nerve Gland in submucosa Mesentery Ducts from glands Lymphatic nodule Mucosa (mucous membrane) Submucosa Muscularis Serosa (serous membrane; visceral peritoneum) Circular muscle layer Epithelium Longitudinal muscle layer Lamina propria Connective tissue layer Muscularis mucosae Epithelium

Upper lip Gingiva covering the maxillary alveolar process Hard palate Fig. 16.4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Upper lip Gingiva covering the maxillary alveolar process Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Cheek Tongue Frenulum of the tongue Molars Openings of the submandibular ducts Premolars Gingiva covering the mandibular alveolar process Canine Incisors Lower lip

Parotid duct Buccinator muscle Mucous membrane (cut) Ducts of the Fig. 16.7 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parotid duct Buccinator muscle Mucous membrane (cut) Ducts of the sublingual gland Parotid gland Sublingual gland Masseter muscle Submandibular duct Submandibular gland

Maxillary teeth Mandibular teeth Fig. 16.5-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central incisor Lateral incisor Canine 7 8 9 10 6 First premolar 11 5 12 Second premolar 4 13 First molar 3 14 Maxillary teeth Second molar 2 15 Third molar (wisdom tooth) 1 16 32 17 18 (a) 31 Mandibular teeth 19 30 29 20 28 21 27 22 26 25 24 23

Fig. 16.5 Central incisor Central incisor (erupts at 6–8 months; Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Central incisor Central incisor (erupts at 6–8 months; lost at 5–7 years) Lateral incisor Canine 7 8 9 10 Lateral incisor (erupts at 8–11 months; lost at 6–8 years) 6 First premolar 11 5 12 Second premolar 4 Canine (erupts at 16–20 months; lost at 8–11years) 13 First molar 3 14 D E F G Maxillary teeth C First molar (erupts at 10–16 months; lost at 9–11 years) H Second molar 2 15 B Maxillary teeth I Third molar (wisdom tooth) 1 16 Second molar (erupts at 20–24 months; lost at 9–11 years) A J T 32 K 17 Mandibular teeth S L (a) 31 18 (b) Mandibular teeth R M Q P N 19 O 30 29 20 28 21 27 22 26 25 24 23

Cusp Enamel Crown Gingiva Neck Dentin Pulp cavity with nerves Fig. 16.6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cusp Enamel Crown Gingiva Neck Dentin Pulp cavity with nerves and vessels Root Cementum Periodontal ligaments Alveolar bone

Fig. 16.10-1 Esophagus Fundus Location of lower esophageal sphincter Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Esophagus Fundus Location of lower esophageal sphincter Body Gastroesophageal opening Serosa Cardiac part Longitudinal muscle layer Circular muscle layer Muscularis Lesser curvature Oblique muscle layer Pyloric sphincter Submucosa Pyloric orifice Mucosa Pyloric part Pyloric canal Pyloric antrum Greater curvature Duodenum Rugae (a)

Stomach Duodenum Ascending colon Jejunum Mesentery Ileocecal junction Fig. 16.13 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Stomach Duodenum Ascending colon Jejunum Mesentery Ileocecal junction Ileum Cecum Appendix

d: © David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited Fig. 16.14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Villi Body of stomach Lacteal Circular folds Epithelium Epithelium Submucosa Intestinal gland Circular muscle Longitudinal muscle Serosa (a) (b) Duodenal gland Top of circular fold Microvilli of epithelial cell surface Epithelial cell Villus Capillary (blood) Lacteal (lymph) (d) 20,000x (c) d: © David M. Phillips/Visuals Unlimited

Fig. 16.16-1 Inferior vena cava Right lobe Left lobe Falciform Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Inferior vena cava Right lobe Left lobe Falciform ligament Round ligament Liver Gallbladder (a)

Fig. 16.17 1 The hepatic ducts from the liver lobes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 The hepatic ducts from the liver lobes combine to form the common hepatic duct. Liver Gallbladder Hepatic ducts Common hepatic duct 1 2 The common hepatic duct combines with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. Cystic duct Spleen Hepatic portal vein 2 Common bile duct 3 The common bile duct joins the pancreatic duct. Accessory pancreatic duct 5 4 The combined duct empties into the duodenum at the duodenal papilla. 4 Pancreatic duct 3 Duodenal papilla 5 Pancreatic secretions may also enter the duodenum through an accessory pancreatic duct, which also empties into the duodenum. Pancreas Duodenum (cutaway view)

Internal anal sphincter Anal canal External anal sphincter Fig. 16.21-1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Transverse colon Left colic flexure Right colic flexure Ascending colon Descending colon Ileum Teniae coli Ileocecal valve Cecum Appendix Sigmoid colon Rectum Internal anal sphincter Anal canal External anal sphincter (a)