Teaching Module German 1st Year Sport and Society – The FIFA World Cups 2006 and 2010

1 Fußball in Germany: Basic Facts 6.5 mio organized members of the F.A.: 8% of the population = largest single sports association of the world German Football Association: Deutscher Fußballbund – DFB Organized in 27,000 clubs High Performance Sport: 3 professional leagues (men) – Erste Bundesliga / Zweite Bundesliga / Dritte Bundesliga Mass participation sport – Leagues down to local level – 7 organized youth group levels (G-Youth: A-Youth 16-18) Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture2

1 Fußball in Germany: History (1) Imported from Britain in Germany 1873 (10 years after the founding of the British F.A.) Rejected by movement of Gymnastics – The English disease - Historical and political reasons – Sport and aristocracy – Sport and values 1875 first Football rules in German 1875 first German club (Braunschweig); 74 Dresden English F.C Founding of the DFB First German champion 1900: VfB Leipzig Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture3

1 Fußball in Germany: History (2) Alternative associations: Workers F.A. – Bourgeoise F.A. / Catholic F.A. – separate championships National Socialism: Greater Germany league – Banning of workers association and others – Streamlining, anti-semitism, prosecution of members of banned political groups – Football and masses – DFB Nazi obedient After WW II: separate West and East F.A. – International recognition: DFB 1950, DFV (East) first World Cup win: miracle of Bern 1963: founding of the united Bundesliga (West GER) Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture4

1 Fußball in Germany: History (3) 1970s: rise of Bayern Munich as most successful German football club Host of World Cups 1974 and 2006 and European championship : first and only encounter of the national teams of East and West Germany Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture5

2 Fußball in Germany: The National Team First match 1908: SUI – GER 5-3 Little success in early years First WC appearance 1934 in Italy: Third rank 1954: surprise winner of the WC in Switzerland – Mythologized in German historical memory: miracle – Re-birth of a nation within the international community? Continuity of German superiority phantasies? World Champion 1974 (Munich), 1990 (Rome) WC final 1966 (London), 1982 (Madrid), 1986 (Mexico), 2002 (Tokyo) European Champion 1996 (London) Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture6

3 World Cup Germany 1974 Two mega-events 72 and 74: success of West German sport diplomacy – détente in Cold War era 72 Olympics: kidnapping and killing of Jewish team members by terrorists 74 sterile high-security games games of friendship and fair-play (but no slogan) Cold War and encounter of the 2 German teams Germany champion, but Netherlands show modernity Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture7

3 World Cup Germany Legacy 40 Mio DM revenues – only 10% to FIFA New Olympia-Stadion Munich for 1972 / 74: iconic architecture First WC fully covered in colour TV First participation of an African team (Zaire) – turn to global participation in the WC begins Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture8

1974 World Cup Host Cities2006 World Cup Host Cities Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture9

3 World Cup Germany bid – one vote ahead of South Africa Unified Germany in a block-free world Slogan: Die Welt zu Gast bei Freunden / A time to make friends Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture10

3 World Cup Germany 2006 Nation branding and image campaigns – e.g. Walk of Ideas Walk of Ideas Cultural fringe programme and public viewing Street Soccer World Cup German flags – new nationalism? Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture11

3 World Cup Germany 2006: Legacy Modernisation of infrastructure and stadiums Macro-economic effects controversial Tourism: high ex-ante estimates, not realistic Retail effects marginal Employment effects, but rather short term (50,000 vs. 2000) Economic counter-effects: Crowding-out Effect, Carnival Effect, Time Switching, Auction and problematic spending priorities (Männig) Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture12

3 World Cup Germany 2006: Legacy Significant intangible effects – External image – Self-perception – Culturisation of the event – Group participation Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture13

Euro World Cup Germany 2006: Legacy Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture14 World Cup 2006

3 World Cup Germany 2006: Legacy Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture15

3 World Cup Germany 2006: Legacy Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture16

3 World Cup Germany 2006: Legacy Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture17

3 World Cups in Germany: 2006 Legacy Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture18

3 Previous World Cups: Legacy Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture19 "Je trouve artificiel de faire venir des joueurs de l'étranger et de les baptiser Equipe de France. […] On pourrait les appeler autre chose. Je nai jamais cru que [ces] onze messieurs représentaient la France ! " Jean-Marie Le Pen en 1996 « Black – Blanc – Bleu » - « LÉquipe multicolore ». Celebrations on the Champs Éliysées

3 Previous World Cups: Legacy Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture20

3 World Cups in Germany: 2006 Legacy Wolfgang Männig: Short-run economic benefits are not the main aspect/ argument of (large) sport events (exception: feelgood) Potentially positive long-run effects: novelty effect and nation´s international perception Experience from landmark buildings: centrally located, saving infrastructure, at the Waterfront, architectually innovative and unpractical Stadia for Germany 2006 fail, but for SA 2010 meet these principles Good chances for South Africa: less crowding-out; no couch potato- effect; no carneval effect; more potential for improvement in international perception Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture21

4 Fußball and social change e.g. Football and social participation (classes, genders) e.g. Football and social organisation (roles, leadership, team) e.g. Football and economics (professionalisation) e.g. Football and education (sport academies) e.g. Football and integration Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture22 Regel: Wer mitbekommt, was sich im Fußball wann und wie verschiebt, ist über andere Gesellschaftsbereiche osmotisch informiert. – Klaus Theweleit, Tor zur Welt. Fußball als Realitätsmodell

4 Fußball and social change Champions 1954 Toni Turek Jupp Posipal Werner Kohlmeyer Horst Eckel Werner Liebrich Karl Mai Helmut Rahn Max Morlock Ottmar Walter Fritz Walter Hans Schäfer Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture23 Champions 1974 Sepp Maier Berti Vogts Franz Beckenbauer Karl-Heinz Schwarzenbeck Paul Breitner Rainer Bonhof Uli Hoeneß Klaus Overath Jürgen Grabowski Gerd Müller Bernd Hölzenbein Champions 1990 Bodo Illgner Klaus Augenthaler Guido Buchwald Jürgen Kohler Andy Brehme Thomas Berthold Thomas Häßler Pierre Littbarski Lothar Matthäus Rudi Völler Jürgen Klinsmann

4 Fußball and Social Change - Migration Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture24 DariusWosz - Polish parents, born in Slask Mustafa Dogan – Turkish parents: first Turkish des- cendant to play for Germany 1999 Patrick Owomoyela – German-Nigerian parents, born in Hamburg Sami Khedira – German-Tunisian parents, born in Stuttgart Gerald Asamoah – Ghanaian parents, immigration 1990, citizenship 2001 David Odonkor – GER-Gha- naian parents, b. in Bünde Miroslav Klose – b. in Opole, Polish German minority Lukas Podolski – b. in Gliwice, GER-POL dual citizen Mesut Özil – b. Gelsenkirchen, 3rd generation of Turkish immigrants Serdar Tasci - b. Esslingen, 3rd generation of Turkish immigrants Cacau – b. in Brazil, from 2001 in Germany, 2009 citizenship

4 Fußball and Social Change - Frauenfußball in Germany Attempts in 1920 and 1955 failed: prohibited by DFB 1970: unbanning – first local leagues 1974: First German Champion 1982: First national match, GER-SUI : European Champion – first live TV broadcast; Euro titles 1991, 95, 97, 2001, 05, : Womens Bundesliga World Champion 2003, 2007; Host 2011 Still amateur status and small budgets Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture25

5 Soccer in South Africa Indigenous roots of athletic practices + colonial influence 1862 first match: British soldiers vs. civilians in CT Popular among British decendants – Rugby + Football Rise of black football: – Missionary school (from 1870s) – Working class clubs – industrialization and urbanization – Rugby and Soccer disintegrate: 1919 first Afrikaner rugby club, Stellenbosch; football becomes black domain First centres: Durban – 7 clubs in in 1935; later: Rand – migrant workers Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture26

5 Soccer in South Africa Natal Football Association 1882, Football Association of SA 1892 South African Indian Football Association 1903 (Black and Coloured Associations 1933 and 36) Diqualification from CAF tournaments 1957 FIFA suspension 1961 and expulsion 1976 (Soweto) 1991 SAFA 1992 first international match: SA-Cam AFCON champion WC participants 1998 and 2002 Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture27

Main references Alegi, Peter: Laduma. Soccer, Politics and Society in South Africa, Durban 2004 Eisenberg, Christiane (ed.): Fußball, soccer, calcio, Munich 1997 Heinrich, Arthur: Der Deutsche Fußballbund. Eine politische Geschichte, Cologne 2000 Korr, Chuck / Close, Marvin: More Than Just A Game. Soccer vs Apartheid, London 2008 Pillay, Udesh / Tomlinson, Richard / Bass, Orli: Development and Dreams. The Urban Legacy of the 2010 Football World Cup, Cape Town 2009 Theweleit, Klaus: Tor zur Welt. Fußball als Realitätsmodell, Cologne 2004 Dr Ralf HermannGerman Studies First Year 2010: World Cup Lecture28