Ozone Transport that Impacts on Tribal Land: Case Study Stan Belone Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community

2 Salt River Pima Maricopa Indian Community (SRPMIC) Created by executive order, June 1879 Governed by seven Council members, President and Vice President Population more than 7,000 enrolled members 53,000 acres, 19,000 acres natural preserve, 12,000 acres of agricultural land

3 Salt River Location One of 21 Indian tribes in Arizona Located in Maricopa County Boundaries of Mesa, Tempe, Scottsdale, Fountain Hills and metro Phoenix One of 3 tribes monitoring ground- level ozone in Arizona

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5 Understanding Ozone Transport Ozone always formed as described previously Precursor molecules (NOx, VOCs) can be transported from neighboring locations Ozone can be transported from neighboring locations Ozone concentrations on reservation aren’t always from reservation

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7 Understanding Transport (cont.) Ozone can be transported over short distances Ozone precursors can be transported over long distances –Ozone formation due to sources far away –VOC transport depends on individual reactivity Less reactive VOC’s (e.g., alkanes) travel farther than highly reactive VOC’s (e.g., terpenes) Your reservation may be impacted from sources near and far

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10 Ozone Transport Depends on Meteorological Conditions Wind speed and direction facilitate transport –Precursor compounds travel via wind –Ozone can travel (smaller distances) via wind Other factors (temp, solar radiation, RH, etc.) influence transport –These influence quantities of precursors transported and formed –These influence amount of ozone formation

11 Ozone Transport Concerns for SRPMIC What do we know…some factors Geographical region and meteorological conditions Within large metropolitan region Population growth each year Significant increase of mobile sources

12 Ozone Transport Concerns (cont.) Expansion of business enterprises and industrial activities Bad air quality affects human livelihood Efforts of monitoring and understanding the ozone data Factors that determine pollution: monitoring data, model, pattern of pollution, meteorology

13 Geographic Region and Weather Study shows potential of high ozone concentrations on geographic scale High ambient-temperature regions like Phoenix facilitate high levels during ozone season Dry, hot regions with stagnant air in summer typically generate high ozone

14 Geographic Region and Weather (cont.) Urban/rural areas subject to high ozone levels as winds carry emissions miles away Elevated region more likely affected in area downwind from exposure Salt River land downwind of Metropolitan Phoenix in peak- level periods

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16 Growth Over 3 million population in 2000 Population increased 45% from 1990 in Maricopa County City of Gilbert one of fastest-growing cities in nation Increased mobile transport and industrial activities Urbanization in region encroached on Community Salt River located within urban region east of Metro Phoenix

17 History of Air Program Salt River committed to development of air quality program Began developing air quality program late 1997 Accomplished EI, developed technical and policy capacity

18 History of Air Program (cont.) Hired personnel to manage ambient air monitoring program summer 2001 Commenced monitoring summer 2002 Recommendation process in designation of 8-hour ozone standard, July 2003

19 Monitoring Network Classified as non-attainment for 3 criteria pollutants Designated ozone monitoring in State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) status

20 Monitoring Network (cont.) To determine –Transport significant sources –Representative concentrations in areas of population density –Background concentration levels

21 Monitoring Design 2 permanent ozone monitoring stations –Desert Eagle Secondary School –Red Mountain Trap & Skeet

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23 Pollution Levels on Tribal Land Monitoring data shows high ozone measured in 2002 Summertime ground-level ozone results high Hourly concentrations obtained at Red Mountain site higher than others Noticed meteorological trend Compared data with other monitoring network Installed new monitoring equipment

24 Strategy Evaluate and approach ozone criteria; prioritize over PM on special studies New 8-Hour Ozone standard an issue Planned Ozone Seasonal Monitoring Study at two locations

25 Strategy (cont.) Supplemental equipment with assistance from local environmental firm Partnership with local environmental professional to conduct the study Extended 1 seasonal monitor until end of 2003

26 Monitoring Site Information Ozone Seasonal Monitoring –Lehi – June to December 2003 –Early Childhood – July to October Monitoring site elevation (Feet) –Desert Eagle 1250 –Lehi 1260 –Early Childhood 1283 –Red Mountain 1296

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33 High Ozone Pollution Day

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36 Ozone Monitoring Data Data show high ozone concentrations in area Exceedance of 8-Hr Standard occurred several times; none for 1-Hr Standard Results indicate ozone concentrations vary across the tribal land Eastern monitoring site obtained higher ozone concentration than western

37 Ozone Monitoring Data (cont.) Higher geographic location typically observed higher ozone concentration Higher ambient temperature reflects trend toward higher ozone concentration Wind pattern indicates response of pollution trend Majority of ozone peak periods when wind pattern runs from west and southwest

38 Summary Ground level ozone is regional pollutant High levels can be widespread with transport far from pollution source Salt River Community is downwind of Metro Phoenix Study determines outside sources potentially impact Salt River airshed