Figure Molecular structures of several conjugated polymers. (From Ref. 1 by permission of American Physical Society.)

Figure Device structure of an organic light-emitting diode.

Figure Layer-by-layer chemisorptive self-assembly of siloxane dielectric layers on an ITO anode. (From Ref. 8 by permission of American Chemical Society.)

Figure a) External quantum efficiency and b) luminous efficiency as a function of the number of self-assembled siloxane layers. (From Ref. 8 by permission of American Chemical Society.)

Figure Schematic energy level diagram of an ITO/PPV/Al LED indicating the electron affinity (EA), ionization potential (IP), workfunction (  ), and injection barriers  E. (From Ref. 10 by permission of Macmillan Magazines Ltd.)

Figure Schematic of the electronic density of states across a graded interlayer fabricated using electrostatic layer-by-layer assembly. (From Ref. 13 by permission of Macmillan Magazines Ltd.)

Figure Typical current-voltage characteristics of a solar cell under illumination. The identified quantities are discussed in the text.

Figure Schematic illustration of photoinduced charge transfer in blends of MEH-PPV and C 60 derivatives. Also illustrated are the phase separation into a bicontinuous network and the general configuration of polymer photovoltaic device. (From Ref. 17 by permission of American Association for the Advancement of Science.)

Figure I-V characteristics of a (A) Ca/MEH-PPV:[6,6]PCBM/ITO device and (B) Ca/MEH-PPV/ITO device in the dark (open circles) and under 20 mW/cm 2 illumination at 430 nm (solid circles). (From Ref. 17 by permission of American Association for the Advancement of Science.)

Figure Photoluminescence of an unheated MEH-PPV/C 60 bilayer device (solid) and two heated MEH-PPV/C 60 devices (5 minutes at 150 o C (dotted) and 5 minutes at 250 o C (dashed)). (From Ref. 21 by permission of American Institute of Physics.)

Figure Photoresponsivity of a MEH-PPV device (squares, magnified by 5x), an unheated MEH-PPV/C 60 bilayer device (circles), a MEH-PPV/C 60 bilayer device that was heated at 150 o C for 5 minutes (triangles) and a MEH- PPV/C 60 bilayer device that was heated at 250 o C for 5 minutes (diamonds). (From Ref. 21 by permission of American Institute of Physics.)

Figure TEM images of 20 wt % (A) 7 nm by 7 nm and (B) 7 nm by 60 nm CdSe nanocrystals in P3HT and cross-section TEMs of (C) a 110 nm thick film of 60 wt% 10 nm by 10 nm nanocrystals and (d) a 100 nm thick film of 40 wt % 7 nm by 60 nm nanorods in P3HT. (From Ref. 23 by permission of American Association for the Advancement of Science.)

Figure Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator. Through  (2), the electrical input modulates the optical output.

Figure Schematic illustration of polar, self- assembled multilayers grown with Zr phosphate-phosphonate interlayers. (From Ref. 28 by permission of American Association for the Advancement of Science.)

Figure Schematic cross-section of an electro-optic modulator waveguide with an active organic self-assembled superlattice (SAS). (From Ref. 32 by permission of American Institute of Physics.)

Figure Schematic illustration of polar order in a film fabricated by the layer-by-layer electrostatic deposition process. The NLO chromophores are represented by the arrows.

Figure Absorbance at 500 nm and square root of the SHG intensity as a function of the number of bilayers for films made by layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte deposition. (From Ref. 38 by permission of American Institute of Physics.)

Figure Schematic illustration of a hybrid covalent/electrostaic deposition process for fabricating polar self-assembled multilayers. (From Ref. 40 by permission of WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.)