Enzymes انزايم 3a. بدون موجوديت ماخذ ، حقايق اساسي را در مورد قواعد انزايم هاي كيمياي خون با دقت اصغري 70% تعريف انزايم عكس العمل هاي انزايم كرايتين كيناز.

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Enzymes انزايم 3a. بدون موجوديت ماخذ ، حقايق اساسي را در مورد قواعد انزايم هاي كيمياي خون با دقت اصغري 70% تعريف انزايم عكس العمل هاي انزايم كرايتين كيناز النين امينو ترانفيراس لكتات ديهايدروجناس 3a. Without references, identify basic facts and principles about blood chemistry enzymes with a minimum of 70% accuracy. (1) Introduction to Enzymes   (2) Enzymatic Reactions   (3) Creatine kinase (CK)   (4) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (5)   Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 

(6) Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) (7) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (8) Amylase (9) Lipase (10) Alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) (11) Cardiac Enzymes 3a. Without references, identify basic facts and principles about blood chemistry enzymes with a minimum of 70% accuracy. (6) Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) (7) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (8) Amylase (9) Lipase (10) Alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) (11) Cardiac Enzymes

Introduction معرفي نامه Enzymes Catalyst (reaction starter) Intracellular (inside the cell) Enzymes are proteins Specific انزايم ها كتلست ( شروع كننده عكس العمل) داخل حجروي ( داخل حجره ) انزايم ها پروتين هستند مخصوص

Enzyme classification صنف بندي انزايم Simple Conjugated ساده مركب

Nomenclature مجموعه اصطلاحات Suffix “ase” Classification Oxidoreductases () Transferases () Hydrolases () Lyases () Isomerases () Ligases () پسوند ”ase“ طبقه بندي - Oxidoreductases () Transferases () Hydrolases () Lyases () Isomerases () Ligases ()

Enzymatic reactions عكس العمل انزايمتيك ان فيفو( در داخل عضويت )vs. ان فيترو( خارج از بدن) چه بايد دوچند شود وقت حرارت پي اچ مانع شونده گان غلظت In vivo (in the body) vs. In vitro (outside the body) What must be duplicated Time Temperature pH Inhibitors Concentration مانع شونده گان رقابتي مشابه و رقابت كننده غير رقابتي غير فعال / زهر Inhibitors Competitive Similar and compete Non-competitive Inactivators/ poison

Principles used in enzyme measurement قواعد براي اندازه گيري انزايم شكل توليد شده انزايم شكل فرعي توليد عمده + بوسيله – توليد ( ثابت) ( اندازه شده ) مواد استفاده شده شكل فرعي توليد عمده + بوسيله - Product formed Enzyme Substrate main product + by-product (constant) (measured) Substrate used Substrate main product + by- product (measured)

Spectrophotometric techniques تخنيك اسپكتروفوتومتريك حركي اندازه انكشاف توسط وقت اندازه گيري ميشود چندين نوع مطالعات در قسمت جذب گرفته شده وقت تثبيت شده براي انكشاف يك مدت زمان را ترتيب نمايد وقتي كه دوره انكشاف تكميل شده يكي از مواد جذب شده گرفته شود Kinetic Progress rate is measured over time Multiple absorbance readings taken Fixed time Incubate for a set amount of time Once incubation is finished One absorbance reading is taken

Creatine Kinase Isoenzymes كرايتين كيناز ايزوميراز CK-MM 95-97% اسكليتي CK-MB 3-5% قلبي CK-BB بدون دماغ /سي ان اس اندازه نارمل: مقدار عمومي در سيروم CK مردان : 15 - 160 IU/L خانم ها : 15 - 130 IU/L ISO % LOCATION CK-MM 95-97% SKELETAL CK-MB 3-5% CARDIAC CK-BB NONE BRAIN/CNS Normal Values: Total Serum CK Males: 15 - 160 IU/L Females: 15 - 130 IU/L

Creatine Kinase (CK) كرايتن كينازCK)) IN VITRO در خارج عضويت CK Creatine Phosphate + Mg ATP Colorimetric procedures, both kinetic and fixed time, are based on the formation of ATP from creatine phosphate using the cofactor magnesium. پروسيچر كلومتريك ، حركت و وقت هر دو تثبيت شده اساسات ساختن ATP از كرياتين فوسفات است با استفاده از كوفكتور مكنيزيم

Clinical Significance اهميت كلينيكي Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) is highly abundant in liver tissue and will have elevated levels in most all forms of hepatic disease Most commonly used enzyme test used to detect the presence or absence of liver damage Common hepatic disorders include hepatitis, cirrhosis, and cancer Normal value is 6 - 37 IU/L النين امينوترانسفيراز (ALT) به مقدار بسيار زياد در نسج كبدي است و اندازه آن در اكثر امراض كبدي بلند ميرود براي موجوديت و عدم موجوديت تخريبات كبدي يكي انزايم تشخيص كننده خوب است كه مورد استفاده قرارميگيرد تشوشات معمول كبدي شامل هيپاتيت ، سيروزس، و كانسر اندازه نارمل آن 6 - 37 IU/L است

Lactate DeHydrogenase (LDH) ISOENZYMES لكتات ديهايدروجناس ايزوميراز (LDH) ISO % OF TOTAL LOCATION LD1 17 - 27 HEART LD2 28 - 38 HEART LD3 19 - 27 LUNG LD4 5 - 16 HEPATIC LD5 5 - 16 HEPATIC Normal Values: Total Serum LDH Adults: 100 – 225 U/L ISO % OF TOTAL موقيعت LD1 17 - 27 قلب LD2 28 - 38 قلب LD3 19 - 27 شش LD4 5 - 16 كبدي LD5 5 - 16 كبدي اندازه نارمل : اندازه مجموعي LDH كاهلان : 100 – 225 U/L

Gamma Glutamyl Transferase (GGT) (GGT) گاماگلوتميل ترانسفيراس اندازه نارمل كاهلان 8 – 50 U/L GGT participates in amino acid transport by transferring the gamma glutamyl portion of glutathione to amino acids Normal Values Adult: 8 – 50 U/L

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) (AST) اسپارات امينوترانسفيراز AST is found in practically every tissue in the body with particularly high concentrations in the liver and cardiac tissue, intermediate in skeletal muscle and kidney, and low in most other tissues AST در هر نسج بدن پيدا ميشود اما به مقدار زياد در نسج كبدي و قلبي دريافت ميشود و به مقدار اوسط در عضلات اسكليتي و كليوي و به مقدار كم در تمام انساج بدن وجود دارد

Clinical Significance اهميت كلينيكي AST has several isoenzymes; the origin of each isoenzyme has not been established AST is most often used in conjunction CK, LDH, and ALT to confirm a diagnosis of liver or cardiac disease AST داراي چندين نوع ايزميراز است اما منبه هر كدام ثابت نشده است AST اكثرا“ همراه با CK, LDH, و ALT مورد استفاده قرار ميگيرد تا امراض كبدي و قلبي را تشخيص نمايد

Amylase اميلاز Amylase functions to break down complex carbohydrate molecules The majority of amylase is formed in the pancreas and also found in significant amounts to be secreted by the salivary glands Amylase is useful in diagnosis of acute pancreatitis وظيفه اميلاز شكستاندن كامپليكس ماليكول كاربوهايدريت است مقدار زياد اميلاز در پانقراس ساخته شده و به مقدار قابل ملاحظه در غداوات لعابيه افراز ميشود اميلاز براي تشخيص التهاب حاد پانقراص مورد استفاده قرار ميگيرد

Lipase ليپاز Breakdown fat Pancreas Used with amylase to diagnose acute pancreatitis تجزيه شحم پانقراص همراه اميلاز مورد استفاده قرار گرفته تا التهاب حاد پانقراص را تشخيص نمايد

Alkaline Phosphatase (ALKP) (ALKP) الكلين فوسفات ALKP is found in high concentrations in bone tissue and intestines; it is found in lower concentrations in the liver and placental tissues ALKP به مقدار زياد در نسج استخوان و امعا يافت شده; و به مقدار كم در كبد و انساج پلاسنتا پيدا ميشود

Clinical Significance اهميت كلينكي Aid in diagnosis of bone disorders Often included in the battery of hepatic test ALKP has several isoenzymes that can be separated to determine affected body areas such as the liver and bone Electrophoresis is the preferred method of isoenzyme separation در تشخيص تشوشات استخوان كمك ميكند اكثرا“ شامل تست هاي كبدي ميگردد ALKP داراي چندين ايزوميراز است و ميتواند كه جدا شود و افت هاي قسمت هاي مختلفه بدن مثل كبد و استخوان را نشان دهد ميتود الكتروفوروسيس در تجزيه ايزوانزايم ترجع داده ميشود

Cardiac Markers مارکر های قلبی

Definition of an myocardial infarction (MI) (MI) تعريف احتشاي قلبي Death of part of the heart muscle due to its sudden loss of blood supply Electrical instability causes ventricular fibrillation مرگ قسمت هاي از قلب كه از اثر كاهش جريان خون بوجود ميايد بي ثباتي در سيستم برقي باعث فبريليشن بطيني ميگردد

Risk factors and symptoms فكتور هاي خطر و علايم فرط فشار خون تجموع پلك مرض شكر ارثيت سكرت Risk Factors High blood pressure Plaque accumulation Diabetes Heredity Smoking علايم درد صدر عرق درد الاشه دل چوشي / سوهاضمه درد بازو درد كمر دلبدي نفس تنگي Symptoms Chest pain Sweating Jaw pain Heartburn/ Indigestion Arm pain Back pain Nausea Shortness of breath

Diagnosis تشخيص تشخيص اساسي تاييد Initial diagnosis Confirmation علايم EKG تاييد Myoglobin, Troponin-I, CK-MB انزايم هاي ديگر قلبي (LDH, CK, AST) Initial diagnosis Symptoms Confirmation Other cardiac enzymes (LDH, CK, AST)

How enzymes are used انزايم ها چطور مورد استفاده قرار ميگيرد نكروز عضلات قلبي باعث ازاد شدن يك تعداد پروتين ها و انزايم ها در جريان خون ميشود اين انزايم ها ميتواند كه اندازه ميشود فكتور هاي كه بالاي معاينه اثر دارد وقت عضلات اسكليتي نتايج را به تويق بياندازيد Dying heart muscles release proteins and enzymes into the blood stream These enzymes can be measured Factors that effect the test choice Time Skeletal muscle Delay in results

Specific cardiac enzymes انزايم هاي مخصوصه قلبي LDH LDH isoenzymes AST CK CK isoenzymes

Cardiac markers-the new standard ماركر هاي قلبي – استندرد جديد Myoglobin Oxygen binding protein CK-MB Isoenzyme specific for cardiac muscle Troponin-I Protein released from cardiac muscle fiber released during a MI

Enzymes انزايم ها 3a. Without references, identify basic facts and principles about blood chemistry analytes with a minimum of 70% accuracy. (1) Introduction to Enzymes   (2) Enzymatic Reactions   (3) Creatine kinase (CK)   (4) Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (5)   Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)  3a. بدون موجوديت ماخذ ، قواعد و حقايق اناليت هاي كيمياوي خون را به دقت 70% شناسايي نمايد معرفي انزايم عكس العمل انزايم كرياتين كيناز(CK) النين امينوترانسفيراس (ALT) لكتات يدهايدروجيناس (LDH) 

(6) Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) 3a. Without references, identify basic facts and principles about blood chemistry analytes with a minimum of 70% accuracy. (6) Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) (7) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (8) Amylase (9) Lipase (10) Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (11) Cardiac Markers 3a. بدون موجوديت ماخذ ، قواعد و حقايق اناليت هاي كيمياوي خون را به دقت 70% شناسايي نمايد (6) Gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) (7) Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (8) Amylase (9) Lipase Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (10) Cardiac Markers (11)