OPEN DATA: LOCATING & SHARING RESEARCH DATA TO PROMOTE GLOBAL SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION Stephanie Swanberg, MSI, AHIP Assistant Professor, Information Literacy & eLearning Librarian Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine,

RECAP: OPEN ACCESS

Open Access: Defined “Free availability on the public internet, permitting any users to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full- texts of these articles, crawl them for indexing, pass them as data to software, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without financial, legal, or technical barriers other than those inseparable from gaining access to the internet itself.” Peter Suber from the Budapest Open Access Initiative JR (Suber 2012)

Traditional Publishing vs Open Access  Pay to read  Restricted access  Library subscriptions  Personal subscriptions  Limited peer review  Often not free to use/reuse  Delayed publishing cycle  Long turnaround from research – submission – publication  Some publishing fees  Free to read  Widely available  Unlimited peer review/sharing/collabor ating  Often free to use/reuse  Shorter publishing cycle  Some publishing fees TRADITIONALOA

Benefits of OA  Researchers/Authors  Increased visibility ~ larger potential audience  Increased impact ~ more citations (See Swan 2010)  Shorter publishing times ~ quicker dissemination of research  Readers/Teachers  Barrier-free access to important scholarly literature  OA literature ~ authors/copyright holders have given permission in advance for classroom/teaching uses JR (SPARC; Hitchcock 2011; Swan 2010)

Open Data

Open Data: Defined “Open data is data that can be freely used, re-used and redistributed by anyone - subject only, at most, to the requirement to attribute and share alike.” Open Data Handbook (Open Knowledge 2015)

 Video from the Open Data Institute:

3 Components of “Open” Data available as a whole available in a convenient and modifiable form preferably by downloading over the internet Availability and Access permit re-use and redistribution of data including the intermixing with other datasets Re-use and Redistribution everyone must be able to use, re-use and redistribute including no restrictions on commercial use or for education purposes only Universal Participation (Open Knowledge 2015)

What Types of Data? (Open Knowledge 2015) SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CULTURAL WORKS/ARTIFACTS FINANCE STATISTICS WEATHER HISTORY CLIMATE HEALTH TRANSPORTATION EDUCATION COMMUNICATION

Why Open Data?  ENCOURAGES:  Reuse of datasets and discourages duplication of effort  Proper management of data  Transparency and reproducibility of research  IMPROVES:  Discoverability/visibility of datasets  Attribution to original data producers and curators (University of California 2014)

Locating Existing Datasets

Best Bet Data Resources  Data.gov Data.gov  Managed by the US General Services Administration  Primarily data from federal agencies, but state, local, and tribal government data is also represented  Currently 186,570 datasets available in:

Best Bet Data Resources  Dryad – datadryad.orgdatadryad.org  Major repository for data from all disciplines  Includes data from research, education, industry, and more  Healthdata.gov (BETA) Healthdata.gov  Managed by the US Department of Health & Human Services  Currently 1,904 datasets available in health care topics  Search Google: -- datasets site:.gov

Publishing your Datasets

Making your Data Openly Available 1) Publish Just the Data  Institutional Repositories - Oakland University’s Institutional Repository Sample Dataset:Raw Data for the 2004 Freshwater Mussel Survey of the Clinton RiverRaw Data for the 2004 Freshwater Mussel Survey of the Clinton River  Dryad: datadryad.orgdatadryad.org Just as you can find existing open datasets on Dryad, you can also publish your data here!

2) Publish a Summary in a Data Journal  Data journals are dedicated to publishing summaries or descriptions of datasets Some traditional journals are also now including “data descriptor,” “databases,” or similar as a publication type  Most data journals do not archive the actual data, but have authors submit data elsewhere (such as to institutional repositories or Dryad) (University of California 2014)

Examples of Data Journals  Scientific Data (Nature) Scientific Data  “Open access, peer-reviewed publication for descriptions of scientifically valuable datasets”  Primary Article Type: Data Descriptor  Check out UM Library’s May 2014 blog post for a list of data journals in many disciplines: /data-journals/ /data-journals/

Activity: Dissecting a Data Descriptor  Take ~5 minutes and read through the data paper you received  With a partner, compare your data papers and discuss the following:  What journal is the paper from?  What are the major components of the article?  How is this different from a traditional journal article?  Think about a research project you’ve been involved in. If you were to publish your data in this journal, how would you need to clean your data in order for it to be ‘readable’ to your audience (organization, labeling, etc)?

3) Publish your research in a traditional journal AND make your data openly available!  Check journal guidelines regarding publishing data associated with your article  Dryad Journal Lookup Tool – Look up the journal(s) you’re planning to submit a manuscript to Dryad will tell you: 1. How they work with that journal to publish your data 2. When you should submit your data to Dryad

Apply an Open Data License  Open Data Commons: opendatacommons.orgopendatacommons.org  Provides legal tools and licenses for open data  Creative Commons equivalent for data  Mechanism for telling the world exactly how they can use your data/dataset (Open Data Commons 2015)

2 Basic Open Data Licenses  Public Domain - your data is in the public domain  Include the following statement as part of your dataset: This {DATA(BASE)-NAME} is made available under the Public Domain Dedication and License version v1.0 whose full text can be found at - See more at:  Share-Alike Plus Attribution - users of your data must also share their data and attribute you as the source  Include the following statement as part of your dataset: This {DATA(BASE)-NAME} is made available under Open Database License whose full text can be found at Any rights in individual contents of the database are licensed under the Database Contents License whose text can be found - See more at: (Open Data Commons 2015)

Summary  Open data is just one component of the larger open access movement that can promote global collaboration while increasing the impact of your own scholarly endeavors  A variety of online resources exist that collect and preserve this data including data.gov, Dryad, and more!  You can be both a user of open data and a contributor by publishing your own data

“Rather than relying on journal articles alone for scholarly communication, data sets can be published as first-class scholarly products, either alongside journal articles that use the dataset or as a standalone object with inherent value.” Office of Scholarly Communication, University of California (University of California 2014)

Bibliography  Hitchcock, S. (2011). The effect of open access and downloads ('hits') on citation impact: a bibliography of studies. The Open Citation Project - Reference Linking and Citation Analysis for Open Archives. Retrieved from  Open Data Commons. (2015). 2-minute Guide to Making Your Data Open. Retrieved from:  Open Knowledge. (2015). Open Data Handbook. Retrieved from:  Open Knowledge. (2015). What is Open? Retrieved from:  SPARC (n.d.). Digital Repositories Offer Many Practical Benefits. Retrieved from  Suber, P. (2012). Open Access Overview: Focusing on open access to peer-reviewed research articles and their preprints. Retrieved from  Swan, A. (2010). The Open Access citation advantage: Studies and results to date. Technical Report, School of Electronics & Computer Science, University of Southampton. Retrieved from  University of California Office of Scholarly Communication. (2014). Data Publication. Retrieved from:

Photo Courtesy: Question Question Mark Request Matter Requests by geralt, Pixabay, (public domain)