Searches on neutrino physics with cryogenic detectors Ettore Fiorini, Columbia, May 16, 2008 The birth of the neutrino

Named Neutrino by Enrico Fermi => first properties of weak interactrions e np G F (Fermi constant)

The cryogenic or thermal detectors

First ideas 1884 => Langley => resistive bolometers for infrrared from SUN 1905 => Curie et Laborde => calorimetric measurement of radioactivity 1927 => Ellis and Wuster => heat less then expected => the neutrino 1935 => Simon => sensitivity enhanced by lowering the temperature 1983 => T.Niinikoski observe pulses in resistors due to cosmic ray => McCammon et al (NASA-Wisconsin) Low temperature detectors for astrophysics and neutrino mass measurements 1984 => Fiorini and Niinikoski Low temperature detectors for rare events

Incident particle absorber crystal Thermal sensor Excellent resolution <1 eV ~ 6 keV ~10 eV 2 MeV

Absorber + various types of thermometer : => thermistor => transition edge sensor (TES) => superconducting tunnel junctions (STJ) => magnetic sensor Other thermal detectors: STJ’s => Grains superconducting grains kept in metastable state when heated by an incoming particle they become “normal” with a consequente change of magnetic field, detectable by squid => liquid 3 He or 4 He

Energy resolution of a TeO 2 crystal of 5x5x5 cm 3 (~ 760 g ) 0.8 keV 46 keV 1.4 keV MeV 2.1 keV MeV 2.6 keV MeV 3.2 keV MeV (the best a spectrometer so far Energy [keV] Counts 210 Po  line

Orpheus 0.45 kg of granules 70 m.w.e for Dark Matter detection Bern Considered also for double beta decay (A.Morales)

Hybrid detectors (so far only for Dark Matter ) => heat + ionization or heat + scintillation

The scintillating bolometer Proved for CaF 2 and CdWO 4 being studied for TeO 2

Tiny effect -> Measurement (or limit ) on neutrino mass by single beta decay For Neutrino Physics

Katrin 3 H => 3 He + e - +  e m KATRIN < 2.2 eV

With thermal detectors 187 Re => 187 Os + e e Manu (Genova) with metallic Rhenium Mibeta (Milano) con AgReO 4 => MARE

A new fact in Nuclear Physics => Beta Environmenthal Fine Structure (BEFS) 187 Re => 187 Os + e - + ˉ e  E = 2.5 keV

Metallic Rhenium

AgReO 4 Determination of the P/S ratio

e Ho => 163 Os + e also for the study of neutrino mass 113 Cd => 113 I + e - + ˉ e  1/2 = (9+1) x 1015 y e Te => 123 Sb + e  1/2 > 1015 y e Be => 7 Li + e => for solar neutrino e Ga => 71 Ge + e => for solar neutrino Discovery for the first time of 209 Bi => 204 Tl +  Other applications in Neutrino Physics

Double beta decay

Dirac Majorana =>1937 RIGHT LEFT : :

1. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e e ¯ 2. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e - +  ( …2,3  3. (A,Z) => (A,Z+2) + 2 e -

Experimental approach Direct experiments Source  detector Source = detector (calorimetric) Geochemical experiments 82 Se = > 82 Kr, 96 Zr = > 96 Mo, 128 Te = > 128 Xe (non confirmed), 130 Te = > 130 Te Radiochemical experiments 238 U = > 238 Pu (non confirmed) e-e- e-e-

NucleusExperiment%Q  EnrTechnique  0  y  <m ) 48 CaElegant IV scintillator>1.4x GeHeidelberg- Moscow ionization>1.9x GeIGEX Ionization>1.6x – GeKlapdor et al ionization1.2x SeNEMO tracking>1.x MoNEMO tracking>4.6x CdSolotvina scintillator>1.7x ? 128 TeBernatovitz342529geochem >7.7  TeCuoricino bolometric>3.1x XeDAMA scintillator>1.2x NdIrvine tracking>1.2x ? Present situation

MOON CUORE NEMO MAJORANA GERDA EXO CUORICINO 2 P 1/2 4 D 3/2 2 S 1/2 493 nm 650 nm metastable47s SNO++ CUORE

Increase of the bolometer mass

CUORICINO Operations carried out In a clean room Operations carried out In a clean room

11 modules, 4 detector each, crystal dimension 5x5x5 cm 3 crystal mass 790 g 4 x 11 x 0.79 = kg of TeO 2 2 modules, 9 detector each, crystal dimension 3x3x6 cm 3 crystal mass 330 g 9 x 2 x 0.33 = 5.94 kg of TeO 2 Search for the 2  | o in 130 Te (Q=2529 keV) and other rare events At Hall A in the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) 18 crystals 3x3x6 cm crystals 5x5x5 cm3 = 40.7 kg of TeO2 Operation started in the beginning of 2003 => ~ 4 months Background.18±.01 c /kev/ kg/ a T 1/2 0 ( 130 Te) > 3.1 x y eV Klapdor 0.1 – 0.9

Without indetermination on  E kg 130 Te x year =>  ½ lower than 3 x years at 90% c.l kg 130 Te x year =>  ½ lower than 3.1 x years at 90% c.l. With indetermination on DE kg 130Te x year =>  ½ lower than 2.9 x years at 90% c.l kg 130Te x year =>  ½ lower than 3.1 x years at 90% c.l. m < meV (V.A Rodin et al ( after the Erratum) and O.Civitarese and J.Suhonen ) Klapdor et al meV

Cosmological disfavoured region (WMAP) Direct hierarchy  m 2 12 =  m 2 sol Inverse hierarchy  m 2 12 =  m 2 atm “quasi” degeneracy m 1  m 2  m 3 With the same matrix elements the Cuoricino limit is 0.53 eV Present Cuoricino region Possible evidence (best value 0.39 eV) Feruglio F., Strumia A., Vissani F. hep-ph/ Arnaboldi et al., submitted to PRL, hep-ex/ (2005).

CUORICINO Presently running, but its destiny connected with radioactivity measurements and CUORE0 Data up to September 2007 => to 15.53kg 130 Te x year New analysis taking into account the error on the transition energy 2 national laboratories and 7 Universities 2 universities in Europe 2 national laboratories and 5 Universities in USA SICCAS and SINAP in Cina Plan approved by DOE CUORICINO and CUORE

The Hut Design completed of the structure to house CUORE Construction began end of 2007 In 2008 funds available for the Hut To be completed end of 2008 External shield and polyetylene ready end of 2008 The cryostat CUORE cryostat design completed Shield by > 30 cm Pb everywhere External shield and polyetylene ready end of 2008 Only radiofree materials inside Cryogen-free => pulse tube. Now tested in Milan

Carlo BucciCUORE Meeting, LNGS, 4-6 February 2008Evolution Step 8: Steel Work Completion 31 March 2008 Step 8: Steel Work Completion 31 March 2008

12 source wires shown by white dots In the simulation, the sources are wires inside a teflon coating, inside a copper guide tube (  ’s do not escape) Previous study showed external sources should have twice the strength of the internal sources Need to run additional simulations with external sources outside the HEX cryostat Routine calibration with radioactive sources

Plasma UHV Present small plasma apparatus

The crystals

A toast by Fred Reines at Neutrino 1972 Here’s to Wolfang Pauli who made a funny joke, Here’s to great Enrico who then of weakness spoke, Here’s to all those present to celebrate the fruits of the patient workers who followed these astutes Here’s to the proposition that we will meet again and here’s to the found hope the Sun will shine since then.