1. From CUORICINO to CUORE: To probe the inverted hierarchy region On behalf of the CUORE collaboration DUSL Meeting, Washington DC November 2,-4, 2007 Frank Avignone University of South Carolina and INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso

2. The CUORE collaboration ITALY UNITED STATES

3. Decay modes for Double Beta Decay (A,Z)  (A,Z+2) + 2e - neutrinoless Double Beta Decay (0 -DBD) never observed (except KKDK claim)    > 10 25 y (A,)  (A,Z+2) + 2e - + 2 e 2 Double Beta Decay allowed by the Standard Model observed :   = 10 19 -10 21 y

4. Electron sum energy spectra in DBD The shape of the two electron sum energy spectrum enables us to distinguish between the two decay modes sum electron energy / Q two neutrino DBD continuum with maximum at ~1/3 Q neutrinoless DBD peak enlarged only by the detector energy resolution

5. 130 Te as a DBD candidate 130 Te as a DBD candidate  high natural isotopic abundance (nat. abundance = 33.87 %)  high transition energy ( Q = 2530 keV )  encouraging theoretical matrix element  observed with geo-chemical techniques (    incl = ( 7 - 27 )  10 20 y)  2 DBD decay observed by a precursor bolometric experiment (MIBETA) and by NEMO-3 at the level    = (7.6 )  10 20 y Large natural abundance Low-cost Expandability of Double- Beta Decay experiments

6. The bolometric technique for 130 Te: detector concepts

7. Tellurium oxide bolometers for DBD Energy absorber single TeO 2 crystal  790 g  5 x 5 x 5 cm Thermometer (Neutron transition doped Ge chip)

8. CUORICINO/CUORE Location CUORICINO experiment installed in Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso L'Aquila – ITALY the mountain provides a 3500 m.w.e. shield against cosmic rays R&D final tests for CUORE (hall C) CUORE (hall A) CUORICINO (hall A)

9. CUORICINO = tower of 13 modules, 11 modules x 4 detector (790 g) each 2 modules x 9 detector (340 g) each M = ~ 41 kg  ~ 5 x 10 25 130 Te nuclei The CUORICINO structure Cold finger Tower Lead shield Same cryostat and similar structure as previous pilot experiment Coldest point

10. Detector performance Detector performance 2.61.60.6 Energy [MeV] Counts (/1.2 keV) 10 60 238 U + 232 Th calibration spectrum 208 Tl 214 Bi 40 K 228 Ac Performance of CUORICINO detectors (5  5  5 cm 3 - 790 g):  Detector base temperature: ~ 7 mK  Detector operation temperature: ~ 9 mK  Detector response: ~ 250  V/ MeV  FWHM resolution: ~ 3.9 keV @ 2.6 MeV

11. 130 Te 0  60 Co sum peak 2505 keV ~ 3 FWHM from DBD Q-value   /2 0 (y) > 3.0  10 24 y (90% CL )  M   < 0.38 – 0.58 eV CUORICINO results MT = 11.83 kg 130 Te  y Bkg = 0.18±0.02 c/keV/kg/y Rodin et al. nucl-th/0706.4304 Caurier et al., New Shell Model Average FWHM resolution for 790 g detectors: 7 keV

12. CUORE = close-packed array of 988 detectors 19 towers - 13 modules/tower - 4 detectors/module M = 741 kg ~ 10 27 130 Te nuclei Compact structure, ideal for active shielding From CUORICINO to CUORE ( Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events ) Each tower is a CUORICINO-like detector Special dilution refrigerator and granularity

13. CUORE funding and schedule  CUORE has a dedicated site in LNGS and construction of the site  has started  The CUORE refrigerator has been funded and is on order  1000 crystals: Funding by INFN (500 already ordered)  and 500 to be purchased by LLNL with US DOE funding  The CUORE Electronics: Funded in Sept. 07 by the NSF via  The University of South Carolina First CUORE tower “CUORE-0" assembled in 2008 and operated in 2009 in CUORICINO Cryostat CUORE scheduled to begin in January 2011

14. CUORE sensitivity Montecarlo simulations of the background show that b ~ 0.001 counts / (keV kg y) is possible with the present bulk contamination of the bolometers The problem is surface background (energy-degraded alpha, beta ) must be reduced by more than a factor of 10 below that of CUORICINO: work in progress! 10 y sensitivity (1  ) with conservative Assumption: b = 0.01 counts/(keV kg y) FWHM = 10 keV 10 y sensitivity (1  ) with aggressive assumption: b = 0.001 counts/(keV kg y) FWHM = 5 keV  M   < 38-58 meV QRPA-SM  M   < 23-33 meV QRPA-SM

15. CUORE and the inverted hierarchy region Quasi-degenarate S. Pascoli, S.T. Petcov Inverted hierarchy Normal hierarchy ~20 meV ~50 meV Inverted hierarchy band  M   Lightest neutrino mass

16. The CUORE background model Sources of the background 1.Radioactive contamination in the detector materials (bulk and surface) 2.Radioactive contamination in the set-up, shielding included 3.Neutrons from rock radioactivity 4.Muon-induced neutrons Monte Carlo simulation of the CUORE background based on: 1.CUORE baseline structure and geometry 2.Gamma and alpha counting with HPGe and Si-barrier detectors 3.CUORICINO experience  CUORICINO background model 4.Specific measurements with dedicated bolometers in test DR in LNGS Results…..

17. The CUORE background components Component Background in DBD region ( 10 -3 counts/keV kg y ) Environmental gamma Apparatus gamma Crystal bulk Crystal surfaces Close-to-det. material bulk Close-to-det. material surface Neutrons Muons < 1 < 0.1 < 3 < 1 ~ 20 – 40 ~ 0.01 The only limiting factor

18. (A) Passive methods  surface cleaning (B) Active methods ( “reserve weapons” and diagnostic )  events ID  Mechanical action  Chemical etching / electrolitic processes  Surface passivation Strategies to control surface background surface sensitive bolometers scintillating bolometers able to separate  from electrons

19. Can CUORICINO challange the KKDK claim of evidence? T 1/2 0v (y) = (0.91-3.6)  10 25 (3σ range) m ββ = 0.23 – 0.51 eV (3σ range) Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al. Modern Physics Letters A21(2006) 1547. Best value: 2.23x10 25 y Nuclear matrix element of Rodin et al., Erratum nucl-th/0706.4304 CUORICINO and the KKDK claim of evidence Evidence of decay of 76 Ge claimed by a subset of the Heidelberg- Moscow collaboration (Klapdor-Kleingrothaus et al.)

20. T 1/2 0v (Klapdor et al.) T 1/2 0v ( 130 Te)Choose a nuclear model Compare experiments with different isotopes  QRPA Tuebingen-Bratislava -Caltech group: erratum: nucl-th/0706.4304  Civitarese and Suhonen: Nucl. Phys. A 761(2005) 313.  Shell Model: E. Caurier et al., nucl-th:0709.0277 Use three recent nuclear structure models:

21. KKDK DISCOVERY RANGE: CUOICINO 90%LOWER BOUND CUORICINO SENSITIVITY DISCOVERY RANGE IS Te-130 EQUIVELENT Ranges:

22. Conclusions  Bolometers represent a well established technique, very competitive for neutrinoless DBD search  CUORICINO and NEMO-3 are presently the most sensitive 0  DBD running experiments, with chance to confirm the HM claim of evidence if this is correct  CUORICINO demonstrates the feasibility of a large scale bolometric detector (CUORE) with good energy resolution and background  CUORE is a next generation detector; it is funded and is scheduled to begin operation in January 2011  Recent results on background suppression confirm the capability to explore the inverted hierarchy mass region with CUORE