© 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 1 Routing Protocols and Concepts Static Routing Chapter 2 Modified by Pete Brierley

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 2 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Objektif  Peranan umum router dalam rangkaian.  Rangkaian bersambung secara langsung, antara muka router yang berbeza  Rangkaian bersambung secara langsung dalam jadual routing dan menggunakan protokol CDP  Laluan Statik (Static routes) dengan antaramuka keluar (exit interfaces)  Ringkasan dan Laluan lalai (default route)  Bagaimana paket dihantar (forwarded) apabila menggunakan laluan statik (static routes)  Mengurus dan menyelesaikan masalah laluan statik 

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 3 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Peranan Umum Router  Fungsi Router Pemilihan laluan terbaik (Best Path) Forwarding paket  Topologi Tiga router siri pautan WAN PC to switch to Router

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 4 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 5 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Peranan Router  Penyambungan Router membentuk satu WAN -port DB-60 menyokong 5 kabel standard yang berbeza  Penyambungan Router untuk Ethernet - Dua jenis penyambung: Straight dan Cross-over  Straight: (unlike – OSI layers) -Switch-to-Router, Switch-to-PC, Router-to-Server, Hub-to- PC, Hub-to-Server  Cross-over: (like to like – OSI layers) -Switch-to-Switch, PC-to-PC, Switch-to-Hub, Hub-to-Hub, Router-to-Router

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 6 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Antaramuka (Interfaces)  Pemeriksaan Antaramuka Router - Show IP router – untuk melihat routing table -Show Interfaces – status antaramuka (interface) -Show IP Interface brief – view limited interface information -Show running-config – configuration file in RAM -Show start-up-config – configuration file in NVRAM

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 7 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 8 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Antaramuka (Interfaces) Konfigurasi antaramuka Ethernet - Secara Lalai (By default) semua antaramuka Ethernet dan serial adalah administratively down -Untuk membolehkan penggunaan antara muka, gunakan arahan- No Shutdown

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 9 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Antaramuka (Interfaces)  Pengesahan antaramuka Ethernet -Show ip interface brief - Show interfaces fastEthernet 0/0 – status bagi port Ethernet - Show running-config  Antaramuka Ethernet terlibat dalam ARP

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 10 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 11 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Antaramuka (Interfaces)  Konfigurasi Antaramuka Serial – Masuk kepada: - interface configuration mode - Alamat IP dan subnet mask - no shutdown  Contoh: -R1(config)#interface serial 0/0 -R1(config-if)#ip address R1(config-if)#no shutdown

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 12 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 13 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Antaramuka (Interfaces)  Pemeriksaan fizikal Antaramuka Router -Sambungan WAN mempertimbangkan kedua-dua hujung litar:  Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) – Pembekal perkhidmatan (The service provider). CSU/DSU adalah peranti DCE.  Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) –Router

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 14 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 15 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Antaramuka (Interfaces)  Konfigurasi sambungan/pautan serial  Satu hujung sambungan bersiri adalah DCE  Memerlukan isyarat rakaman waktu (clocking signal)  Contoh: -R1(config)#interface serial 0/0 -R1(config-if)#clockrate 64000

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 16 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)  Arahan debug ip routing  Melihat perubahan yang dilaksanakan oleh router semasa menambah atau membuang laluan (route)  Contoh: -R2#debug ip routing -IP routing debugging is on Untuk menghapuskan\membuang Debug: -R2#u all

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 17 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)  Untuk mengkonfigurasi antaramuka Ethernet  Contoh: -R2(config)#interface fastethernet 0/0 -R2(config-if)#ip address R2(config-if)#no shutdown

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 18 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 19 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) Apabila router hanya mempunyai antara muka yang dikonfigurasi dan protokol routing masih belum dikonfigurasi, kemudian: -Jadual routing akan hanya mengandungi rangkaian yang disambung secara langsung. -Hanya peranti rangkaian yang disambung secara langsung boleh dicapai.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 20 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 21 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 22 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 23 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 24 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) Menyemak the route path dan device avaliability Arahan ping digunakan untuk memeriksa sambungan (connectivity) end to end devices Ping dibuat selepas memeriksa status laluan (path) dan peranti (device) menggunakan: show ip interface brief show ip route Jika sh ip brief tidak menunjukkan “ UP and UP” do not ping Jika sh ip route tidak menunjukkan alamat destinasi ping do not ping

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 25 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol)

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 26 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) CDP Lapisan kedua (layer 2) cisco proprietary tool berkaitan peranti CISCO yang bersambung secara langsung (directly connected Cisco devices) Jiran (Neighbors) -2 jenis  Lapisan ke-3 (Layer 3)  Lapisan ke-2 (Layer 2)

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 27 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) Arahan show CDP  Show cdp neighbors - provides:  Neighbor device ID  Local interface  Holdtime value, in seconds  Neighbor device capability code  Neighbor hardware platform  Neighbor remote port ID  Show cdp neighbors detail -Pemeriksaan untuk kesilapan dalam konfigurasi IP address

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 28 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Jadual Routing (Routing Table) dan Protokol CDP (CDP Protocol) Disabling CDP Router#no cdp run

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 29 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Static route Konfigurasi laluan (route) secara manual dari router kepada stub network

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 30 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 31 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Dissecting static route syntax - R1 to R2 R1(config)# ip route =Destination network address Subnet mask of destination network – next- hop R1(config)# ip route Serial 0/0/0 comment (the DCE interface) = Serial 0/0/0 interface on R2, "next-hop"

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 32 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces  Konfigurasi laluan-laluan (routes) kepada 2 atau lebih untuk rangkaian jauh (remote networks) -R1(config)#ip route R1(config)#ip route

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 33 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces 3 Principal routing Zinin’s  Principle 1: "Every router makes its decision, based on information in its routing table.“  Principle 2: "The fact that one router has certain information in its routing table does not mean that other routers have the same information.“  Principle 3: "Routing information about a path from one network to another does not provide routing information about the reverse, or return path."

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 34 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Using Zinin’s 3 routing principles answer the following? -Would packets from PC1 reach their destination to R2 or R3?

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 35 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Using Zinin’s 3 routing principles answer the following? -Would packets from PC1 reach their destination to R2 or R3? Yes, packets destined for /24 or /24 networks would reach their destination.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 36 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Using Zinin’s 3 routing principles answer the following? -Will packets destined for /24 reach their destination?

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 37 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Using Zinin’s 3 routing principles answer the following? -Will packets destined for /24 reach their destination? No, because neither R2 nor R3 router has a route to the /24 network.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 38 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Resolving to an Exit Interface -Recursive route lookup - Occurs when the router performs multiple lookups in the routing table before forwarding a packet. A static route that forwards all packets to the next-hop IP address goes through the this process (reclusive route lookup)  The router first matchs static route’s destination address with the Next hop address  The next hop address then is matched to an exit interface

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 39 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Configuring a Static route with an Exit Interface -Static routes configured with an exit interface are more efficient because the routing –table can resolve the exit in a single search rather than 2 searches R1(config)# ip route Serial 0/0

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 40 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Modifying Static routes  Existing static routes cannot be modified. The old static route must be deleted by placing no in front of the ip route  Example: no ip route  A new static route must be rewritten in the configuration

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 41 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Modifying Static routes

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 42 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces Verifying the Static Route Configuration  Step 1 show running-config  Step 2 verify static route has been entered correctly  Step 3 show ip route  Step 4 verify route was configured in routing table  Step 5 issue ping command to verify packets can reach destination and that Return path is working

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 43 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes with Exit Interfaces  Ethernet interfaces and ARP. When a static route is configured on an Ethernet link -And a packet is sent to the next-hop router; then… 1.The destination MAC address will be the address of the next hop’s Ethernet interface 2.The MAC is found by the router the ARP table. 3.If an entry isn’t found then an ARP request will be sent out

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 44 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Summary and Default Route Summarizing routes reduces the size of the routing table. Route summarization is the process of combining a number of routes into a single route. These could be either static or dynamic routes

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 45 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Summary and Default Route Default Static Route  A route that will match all packets. Stub routers having a number of static routes all exiting the same interface are good candidates for a default route. -Like route summarization this will reduce the size of the routing table Configuring a default static route  Similar to configuring a static route. Except the destination IP address and subnet mask are all zeros  Example: -Router(config)#ip route [exit-interface | ip- address ]

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 46 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Summary and Default Route  Static routes and subnet masks The routing table lookup process will use the most specific match when comparing destination IP address and subnet mask  Default static routes and subnet masks A default static route mask is therefore all packets will match.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 47 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding Packet forwarding with static routes at R1 R1’s Fastethernet 0/0 interface R1 does not have a route to the destination network, /24 R1 uses the default static route.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 48 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 49 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 50 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding Packet forwarding with static routes at R2 A packet arrives on the Serial 0/0/0 interface on R2 R2 has a static route to /24 via Serial0/0/1.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 51 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 52 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding  Troubleshooting a Missing Route Show cdp neighbors detail– used to gather configuration information about directly connected neighbors Show ip interface brief- used to show status of router interfaces Show IP route– used to display routing table & ascertain forwarding process Ping– tests end to end connectivity Traceroute– used to discover all of the hops (routers) along the path between 2 points

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 53 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding Packet forwarding with static routes R3 The packet arrives on the Serial0/0/1 interface on R3 R3 has a connected route to /24 via Fastethernet 0/1.

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 54 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 55 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding Penyelesaian Missing Route Mencari missing atau mis-configured route memerlukan kaedah serta menggunakan alatan yang betul. show ip route - untuk memeriksa jadual routing. If there is a problem with a mis-configured static route remove the static route then reconfigure the new static route PING. If ping fails then use traceroute to determine where packets are failing to arrive

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 56 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding Penyelesaian Missing Route

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 57 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding  Penyelesaian Missing Route

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 58 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes and Packet Forwarding

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 59 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Ringkasan Routers -operasi di lapisan ke-3 (layer 3) -fungsi merangkumi (best path selection & forwarding packets) Menyambung Rangkaian (Connecting Networks) WANs Kabel Serial clock rates dikonfigurasikan untuk DCE LANs Kabel Straight through atau kabel cross over digunakan untuk sambungan kepada port fastethernet Cisco Discovery - A layer 2 proprietary protocol Menerokai/memberikan Informasi bagi peranti CISCO yang bersambung secara langsung

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 60 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Ringkasan Static Routes -Konfigurasi secara manual yang menentukan bagaimana mesej sampai kepada destinasi/point tertentu melalui laluan yang tertentu. Ringkasan static routes -Static routes that have been condensed into a single static route. Default route -laluan (route) yang digunapakai apabila tiada persamaan dengan destinasi dalam jadual routing. Forwarding of packets when static route is used -Zinin’s 3 routing principles menerangkan bagaimana paket dihantar/dikemukakan (forwarded) kepada peranti lain

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 61 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Static Routes dengan antaramuka keluar (Exit Interfaces) Zinin’s 3 routing principles  Principle 1: "Every router makes its decision, based on information in its routing table.“  Principle 2: "The fact that one router has certain information in its routing table does not mean that other routers have the same information.“  Principle 3: "Routing information about a path from one network to another does not provide routing information about the reverse, or return path."

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 62 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public Ringkasan Arahan untuk pemeriksaan static routes : - Show cdp neighbors detail - Show ip interface brief - Show IP route - Ping - Traceroute

ITE PC v4.0 Chapter 1 63 © 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.Cisco Public