FIGURE 2.1 The variation of mean sea level for the past 35,000 years based on data from the Atlantic continental shelf of the United States: the solid line is the mean sea level and the dashed line is the envelope of all values. Source: Modified after Milliman and Emery, 1968. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2.2 Schematic representation of the continuum of inlet types from lagoons to deltas. Source: Modified from Davies, 1973. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2.3 Examples of coastal plain estuaries: Winyah Bay and North Inlet, South Carolina. Winyah Bay is a classical coastal plain estuary, whereas the North Inlet system is a coastal plain salt marsh estuary. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2.4 Cross-sectional profiles of an arbitrary coastal plain estuary, showing the same section in 50 times vertical exaggeration (top) and without any vertical exaggeration (bottom). Coastal plain estuaries have very wide and shallow cross sections. When these sections are presented with vertical exaggeration (which is most often the case), this gives a misleading impression. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2. 5 Example of a lagoon, Laguna de Terminos, Campeche, Mexico FIGURE 2.5 Example of a lagoon, Laguna de Terminos, Campeche, Mexico. Isobaths in meters are drawn and indicate that the lagoon for most parts is only 2-m deep. Source: Modified after Gierloff-Emden, 1977. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2.6 Example of a fjord, the Gardner system in British Columbia, Canada. Source: Modified after Pickard, 1956. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2.7 One example of a generalized subterranean estuary, where fresh meteoric groundwater mixes with infiltrated seawater. Source: Modified from Smith et al., 2008. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2.8 (a) Idealized gravitational circulation in an estuary with rectangular cross section (modified from Wong, 1994). (b) Idealized gravitational circulation taking into account effects of rotation and interactions between bathymetry and friction (modified from Valle-Levinson, 2008). (c) Idealized gravitational circulation taking into account interactions between bathymetry and friction when rotational effects are negligible. Source: Modified from Wong, 1994. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2.9 (a) Semidiurnal tidal water level signal at Onslow Bay, NC, showing spring–neap variability in tide range. (b) Diurnal tidal water level signal at Grand Isle, LA, showing tropic-equatorial variability in tide range. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2.10 Changes in stratification brought about by tidal straining. Before onset of ebb tide, stratification is often negligible (upper left). Owing to vertical shear in the tidal current, near-surface waters are advected further seaward than near bottom waters, which increases stratification. The water column then destratifies by the end of the flood tide (lower right). ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2.11 (a) Remote effect resulting from Ekman transport of shelf waters into an estuary in the northern hemisphere driven by westward winds. Water levels increase throughout the estuary. (b) Local effect resulting from winds blowing landward over the estuary surface. Water levels increase in the landward reaches of the estuary, and currents flow upwind near the surface, and downwind near the bottom. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~

FIGURE 2.12 Estuarine classification diagram (Hansen and Rattray, 1966) according to nondimensional stratification and circulation parameters. MR, Mississippi River; VE, Vellar Estuary, India; NI, North Inlet, SC; SS, South Santee, SC; JR, James River, VA; NM, Narrows of Mersey, UK; JF, Straits of Juan de Fuca, WA; and SB, Silver Bay, AK. Source: Copyright 1966 by the Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, Inc. Used with permission. ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia. Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved ~