The Kinetic-Molecular Theory (the theory of moving particles) 1. Gas particles are in constant, random motion. 2. The volume of the particles is negligible.

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The Kinetic-Molecular Theory (the theory of moving particles) 1. Gas particles are in constant, random motion. 2. The volume of the particles is negligible compared to the container volume. 3. The attractive-repulsive forces between particles are negligible. 4. Collisions are elastic. 5. KE avg of particles is proportional to absolute temperature. (i.e., no energy is lost).

At a given temp., the gas particles of Sample A have the same avg. KE as the gas particles of Sample B. pressure = “ ” and “ ” gas particles collide with the sides of the container how hardhow often container wall A container wall B

1 mol 25 o C in a 5.0-L container… 1 mol 350 o C in a 5.0-L container… 1 mol 25 o C in a 5.0-L container… 5 mol 25 o C in a 5.0-L container…

Particle-Velocity Distribution (___________, same T and P) # of particles Speed of particles (m/s) (SLOW) most massive gas (e.g., CO 2 ) least massive gas (e.g., He) various gases (FAST) rms (root-mean-square) speed a gas of intermediate mass (e.g., N 2 )

Particle-Velocity Distribution (same gas, same P, ________) # of particles Speed of particles (m/s) (SLOW) coldest gas warmest gas various T (FAST)

T = 80.0 o C Equation for the rms speed of a gas: R = J/mol-K  = molar mass, in kg KE avg for a particle = ½ m u 2 in kg Find the rms speed of chlorine gas at 80.0 o C. = 353 K  = 71.0 g = kg = 352 m/s

diffusion: effusion: the net movement of a substance from high to low conc. the escape of gas particles through a tiny hole into an evacuated space NET MOVEMENT more massive = slow; less massive = fast [ HIGH ][ LOW ]

For gases, rates of diffusion & effusion obey Graham’s law: ** To use Graham’s Law, both gases must be at the… same temp. r = rates  = molar masses The rate of diffusion of gases is slower than the molecular speeds because of... collisions. -- ~10 x 10 9 collisions/sec per particle The mean free path is the average distance traveled by a particle between collisions. -- it is shorter when the pressure is… high t = times

He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn 86 (222) mm = 16.0 g/mol = 39.9 g/mol Ar CH 4 moves 1.58 times faster than which noble gas? “Ar?” “Aahhrrrr! Buckets o’ blood! Swab de decks, ye scurvy dogs!” Ne 2 or Ar?