1. 3.2 Modeling a Gas

2. The Mole The mole is the amount of substance which contains the same number of elementary entities as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12 Experiments show that this is 6.02 x 10 23 particles A value denoted by N A and called the Avogadro Constant (units mol -1 )

3. Molar Mass Molar mass is the mass of one mole of the substance SI units are kg mol -1

4. Example Molar mass of Oxygen gas is 32 x10 -3 kg mol -1 If I have 20g of Oxygen, how many moles do I have and how many molecules? 20 x 10 -3 kg / 32 x10 -3 kg mol -1  0.625 mol  0.625 mol x 6.02 x 10 23 molecules  3.7625 x 10 23 molecules

5. Kinetic model of an ideal gas Define pressure. State the assumptions of the kinetic model of an ideal gas. State that temperature is a measure of the average random kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas. Explain the macroscopic behaviour of an ideal gas in terms of a molecular model. Only qualitative explanations are required. Students should, for example, be able to explain how a change in volume results in a change in the frequency of particle collisions with the container and how this relates to a change in pressure and/or temperature.

6. Pressure Pressure can be explained by the collisions with the sides of the container If the temperature increases, the average KE of the particles increases The increase in velocity of the particles leads to a greater rate of collisions and hence the pressure of the gas increases as the collisions with the side have increased Also the change in momentum is greater, therefore greater force

7. Pressure continued When a force is applied to a piston in a cylinder containing a volume of gas The particles take up a smaller volume Smaller area to collide with And hence collisions are more frequent with the sides leading to an increase in pressure

8. Also, as the piston is being moved in It gives the particles colliding with it more velocity Therefore they have more KE Therefore the temperature of the gas rises.

9. Collisions Because the collisions are perfectly elastic There is no loss of KE as a result of the collisions

10. An Ideal Gas Is a theoretical gas that obeys the gas laws And thus fit the ideal gas equation exactly

11. Real Gases Real gases conform to the gas laws under certain limited conditions But they condense to liquids and then solidify if the temperature is lowered Furthermore, there are relatively small forces of attraction between particles of a real gas This is not the case for an ideal gas

12. The Kinetic Theory of Gases When the moving particle theory is applied to gases it is generally called the kinetic theory The kinetic theory relates the macroscopic behaviour of an ideal gas to the microscopic behaviour of its molecules or atoms

13. The Postulates Gases consist of tiny particles called atoms or molecules The total number of particles in a sample is very large The particles are in constant random motion The range of the intermolecular forces is small compared to the average separation

14. The Postulates continued The size of the particles is relatively small compared with the distance between them Collisions of a short duration occur between particles and the walls of the container Collisions are perfectly elastic

15. The Postulates continued No forces act between the particles except when they collide Between collisions the particles move in straight lines And obey Newton’s Laws of motion

16. Macroscopic Behaviour The large number of particles ensures that the number of particles moving in all directions is constant at any time