Chapter 8 Lesson 1 “Principles of Genetics”

I. Intro Activity What similarities can you identify about the fish shown in the following pictures?

II. Origin of Genetics A. Mendel ( ) 1. History a. Was a monk in Czechoslovakia b. Went to school as a science and math teacher c. Returned to being a monk -tended the monastery garden -experimented with plants

2. Experiments a. Used common pea plant b. Characteristics remained the same -Purple/white, long/short stem c. Conducted many experiments over many generations d. Fig 8-3 “Mendel’s seven traits” Seed Shape Seed Color Flower Color Flower Position Pod Color Pod Shape Plant Height DominantRoundYellowPurpleAxialgreenInflatedLong RecessivewrinkledgreenwhiteTerminalYellowconstrictedshort

3. Results x F1F1 WW ww Ww

x F2F2 WWWw ww

a. Dominant – the trait that is expressed. (tall, blue eyes, etc.) b. Recessive – the trait that is not expressed. It is carried from generation to generation. c. Principle of Dominance – The dominant trait being carried out instead of the recessive trait.

4. Hypothesis a. F 1 – no recessive traits are shown b. F 2 – recessive traits appear c. Traits come from parents ( ½ sperm / ½ egg) -called characters (genes) -dominant = capital -recessive = lower case d. Punnett Square – chart used to predict combinations of genes among offspring. -each square represents a possible zygote.

Parent #1 Parent #2 Tt T = tall plant t = short plant What is the % chance a tall plant is produced in F 1 ? 100%

5. Terminology a. – each alternative forms of a gene. (W (purple) / w (white)) b. – the combination of given traits (WW, Ww, ww) c. – the appearance of a trait (what is dominant) Ww = purple d. – a cell that has 2 of the same traits. (WW / ww) e. – a cell that has 2 different traits. (Ww) Allele Genotype Phenotype Homozygous Heterozygous

a. Use the FOIL method b. Ex: (RrYy) x (RrYy) -group similar traits 6. Two Trait (Rr)(Yy)Parent #1 Firsts - RY Outers - Ry Inners - rY Lasts - ry Parent #2 Same traits as parent #1

Possible Zygotes RYRyrYry RY Ry rY ry RRYYRrYYRrYyRRYy RrYY RrYy RRyy RrYy Rryy RrYy rrYY rrYyrryy rrYy Rryy

Questions 1. What is the percent chance of the offspring being green? 2. What is the percent chance of the offspring being green and wrinkled? 3. What is the percent chance of the offspring being wrinkled? 4. What is the percent chance of the offspring being yellow and round? 5. What is the percent chance of the offspring being green and round? 25% 6.25% 25% 56.25% 18.75%

-Design a two trait Punnett Square. -Fill it in -Incorporate 5 questions about the square and then answer them. -Make a replica Punnett Square (don’t fill it in) and write down the 5 questions you previously answered. **Lab #7  Due Wednesday**