PREPARING FOR THE NEXT PHASE OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION: Current Realities and Future Trends Marshall Breeding Director for Innovative Technology and Research Vanderbilt University Library Founder and Publisher, Library Technology Guides February 2012 Simmons LIS531R Guest Lecture

Abstract Fundamental shifts in academic libraries have transpired over the last decades that demand new models of support from their automation systems. Increased emphasis on delivering access to electronic resources and digital collections, with lingering, though diminishing, involvement with print collections requires automation platforms capable of providing a more equitable balance in management of all types of resources. Breeding will describe the emerging products and services for library automation that aim to address these new realities.

Library Technology Guides

International Perceptions Survey

ARL Member Libraries – ILS

ARL Member Libraries – Discovery

Mergers and Acquisitions

Library Journal Automation Marketplace  Published annually in April 1 issue  Based on data provided by each vendor  Focused primarily on North America  Context of global library automation market

Annual Industry report published in Library Journal:  2011: New Frontier: battle intensifies to win hearts, minds and tech dollars  2010: New Models, Core Systems  2009: Investing in the Future  2008: Opportunity out of turmoil  2007: An industry redefined  2006: Reshuffling the deck  2005: Gradual evolution  2004: Migration down, innovation up  2003: The competition heats up  2002: Capturing the migrating customer LJ Automation Marketplace

The New Frontier…  new phase of competition following a period of research and development that aimed to provide alternatives to libraries, both in back-end automation and end user discovery. A variety of new solutions have emerged, often representing quite different conceptual models. In a continued trend, librarians seek solutions that immediately improve the experiences of their users, especially via discovery products.

Key Context: Academic Libraries in Transition  Shift from Print > Electronic  E-journal transition largely complete  E-books now in play (consultation > reading)  Increasing emphasis on subscribed content, especially articles and databases  Academic libraries seeing long-term declines in print circulation  Need better tools for managing electronic resources  Need better tools for access to complex multi-format collections  Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections  Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability

Key Context: Technologies in transition  XML / Web services / Service-oriented Architecture  Beyond Web 2.0 Integration of social computing into core infrastructure  Local computing shifting to cloud platforms Application Service Provider offerings standard New expectations for multi-tenant software-as-a-service  Full spectrum of devices full-scale / net book / tablet / mobile Mobile the current focus, but is only one example of device and interface cycles

Key Text: Changed expectations in metadata management  Moving away from individual record-by-record creation  Life cycle of metadata  Metadata follows the supply chain, improved and enhanced along the way as needed  Manage metadata in bulk when possible  E-book collections  Highly shared metadata  E-journal knowledge bases, e.g.  Great interest in moving toward semantic web and open linked data  Very little progress in linked data for operational systems  AACR2 > RDA  MARC > RDF?

Academic Library Issues  Greater concern with electronic resources  Management: Need for consolidated approach that balances print, digital, and electronic workflows  Access: discovery interfaces that maximize the value of investments in electronic content

Public Library Issues  Enhance the experience of library patrons  Management and access to physical resources  Self-service through the Web portal:  View current loans, perform holds, renewals, pay fines and fees  Self-service in the physical library  RFID-based self-issue and returns  Helps the library deploy service personnel for highest impact

New Generation Library Management Options

LIBRARY SERVICES PLATFORMS Management systems in tune with the realities of today’s libraries

1970s : Integrated Library Systems  Designed and developed to support print collections  Self-contained  Communicate through library-specific protocols  Not programmed to manage electronic content at the level of individual articles  Not intended to manage collections of digital objects  New models of automation emerging…

Integrated (for print) Library System Circulation BIB Staff Interfaces: Holding / Items Circ Transact UserVendorPolicies $$$ Funds CatalogingAcquisitionsSerialsOnline Catalog Public Interfaces: Interfaces Business Logic Data Stores

Legacy ILS Model / External API Circulation BIB Staff Interfaces: Holding / Items Circ Transact UserVendorPolicies $$$ Funds CatalogingAcquisitionsSerialsOnline Catalog Public Interfaces: Application Programming Interfaces / Web Services Protocols: SIP2 NCIP Z39.50 OAI-PMH External Systems & Services Flexible Interoperability

Sea change in library collection and missions  Shift from Print > Electronic + Digital  Increasing emphasis on subscribed content, especially articles and databases  Strong emphasis on digitizing local collections  Demands for enterprise integration and interoperability  Most libraries currently experience the dominance of digital

2005 – Present ILS / ERM Fragmentation Circulation BIB Staff Interfaces: Holding / Items Circ Transact UserVendorPolicies $$$ Funds CatalogingAcquisitionsSerialsOnline Catalog Public Interfaces: Application Programming Interfaces ` License Management License Terms E-resource Procurement Vendors E-Journal Titles Protocols: CORE

Fragmented automation > Fragmented workflows  Despite digital dominance, many libraries expend more personnel resources on tasks related to print  ILS demands disproportionate amounts staff time  Inadequate tools for Electronic resource management  Unnecessary redundancies with ILS data and workflow  Digital collections management also requires isolated infrastructure and task workflows

Is the status quo sustainable?  ILS for management of (mostly) print  Duplicative financial systems between library and campus  Electronic Resource Management (non-integrated with ILS)  OpenURL Link Resolver w/ knowledge base for access to full-text electronic articles  Digital Collections Management platforms (CONTENTdm, DigiTool, etc.)  Institutional Repositories (DSpace, Fedora, etc.)  Discovery-layer services for broader access to library collections  No effective integration services / interoperability among disconnected systems, non-aligned metadata schemes

Libraries need a new model of library automation  Not an Integrated Library System  The ILS was designed to help libraries manage print collections  Generally did not evolve to manage electronic collections  Other library automation products evolved:  Electronic Resource Management Systems – OpenURL Link Resolvers – Digital Library Management Systems -- Institutional Repositories

Library Services Platform  Library-specific software. Designed to help libraries automate their internal operations, manage collections, fulfillment requests, and deliver services  Services  Service oriented architecture  Exposes Web services and other API’s  Facilitates the services libraries offer to their users  Platform  General infrastructure for library automation  Consistent with the concept of Platform as a Service  Library programmers address the APIs of the platform to extend functionality, create connections with other systems, dynamically interact with data

Library Services Platform Characteristics  Highly Shared data models  Knowledgebase architecture  Some may take hybrid approach to accommodate local data stores  Delivered through software as a service  Multi-tenant  Unified workflows across formats and media  Flexible metadata management  MARC – Dublin Core – VRA – MODS – ONIX  New structures not yet invented

Library Services Platform candidates  Ex Libris: Alma  Serials Solutions: Intota  Open Source: Kuali OLE  Innovative Interfaces: Sierra  OCLC: WorldShare Management Services

 Traditional Proprietary Commercial ILS  Aleph, Voyager, Millennium, Symphony, Polaris,  BOOK-IT, DDELibra, Libra.se  LIBERO, Amlib, Spydus, TOTALS II  Traditional Open Source ILS  Evergreen, Koha  New generation unified resource management  Ex Libris Alma, Kuali OLE, OCLC Web-scale Management Services  Cloud-based automation systems  Ex Libris Alma  OCLC Web-scale: Management Service  Serials Solutions: Web-Scale Management Solution Competing Models of Library Automation

Decoupled Discovery?  Decoupled interfaces emerged from broken online catalogs  Poor interfaces, inadequate scope  Inefficient integration between automation and discovery platforms  New wave of more tightly integrated suites:  Ex Libris Alma > Primo  OCLC Web-scale Management Services > WorldCat Local  Serials Solutions Web-Scale Management Solution > Summon  Still possible to decouple, but more effort, worse results

From local discovery to Web-scale discovery New models of Library Collection Discovery

Disjointed approach to information and service delivery  Silos Prevail  Books: Library OPAC (ILS module)  Articles: Aggregated content products, e-journal collections  OpenURL linking services  E-journal finding aids (Often managed by link resolver)  Subject guides (e.g. Springshare LibGuides)  Local digital collections ETDs, photos, rich media collections  Metasearch engines  All searched separately

Next-gen Catalogs or Discovery Interface  Single search box  Query tools  Did you mean  Type-ahead  Relevance ranked results  Faceted navigation  Enhanced visual displays  Cover art  Summaries, reviews,  Recommendation services

Discovery Interface search model Search: Digital Collections ProQuest EBSCOhost … MLA Bibliography ABC-CLIO Search Results Real-time query and responses ILS Data Local Index MetaSearch Engine

Discovery Products

Differentiation in Discovery  Products increasingly specialized between public and academic libraries  Public libraries: emphasis on engagement with physical collection  Academic libraries: concern for discovery of heterogeneous material types, especially books + articles + digital objects

Discovery from Local to Web-scale  Initial products focused on technology  AquaBrowser, Endeca, Primo, Encore, VuFind,  LIBERO Uno, Civica Sorcer, Axiell Arena  Mostly locally-installed software  Current phase focused on pre-populated indexes that aim to deliver Web-scale discovery  Primo Central (Ex Libris)  Summon (Serials Solutions)  WorldCat Local (OCLC)  EBSCO Discovery Service (EBSCO)  Encore with Article Integration

Citations / Metadata > Full Text  Citations or structured metadata provide key data to power search & retrieval and faceted navigation  Indexing Full-text of content amplifies access  Important to understand depth indexing  Currency, dates covered, full-text or citation  Many other factors

Web-scale Index-based Discovery Search: Digital Collections ProQuest EBSCOhost … MLA Bibliography ABC-CLIO Search Results Pre-built harvesting and indexing Consolidated Index ILS Data

Challenge for Relevancy  Technically feasible to index hundreds of millions or billions of records through Lucene or SOLR  Difficult to order records in ways that make sense  Many fairly equivalent candidates returned for any given query  Must rely on use-based and social factors to improve relevancy rankings

Open Discovery Initiative  Project underway to address issues related to information providers, discovery service providers, and libraries  Protocols for transfer of content  Transparency of what is transferred and indexed  Rights or restrictions on how discovery services use content  Initial meeting at ALA Annual  Proposal under consideration by NISO  “Proposed New Work Item: Standards and Best Practices for Library Discovery Services Based on Indexed Search”

Consolidated index Search Engine Unified Presentation Layer Search: Digital Coll ProQuest EBSCO … JSTOR Other Resources New Library Management Model ` API Layer Library Services Platform Learning Management Enterprise Resource Planning Stock Management Self-Check / Automated Return Authentication Service Smart Cad / Payment systems Discovery Service

Device Agnostic

Questions and discussion