The production of sound Waves always begin with A vibrating object.

This vibration causes the Molecules around it (usually Air molecules) to move. This movement is a wave pattern. Compression is the region of a Longitudinal wave in which the Density and pressure are Greater than normal.

Rarefaction is the region of a Longitudinal wave in which The density and pressure are Less than normal. So these two definitions show That sound waves are Longitudinal.

The average person’s hearing Range is about 20 and Hz. Sound frequencies less than 20 Hz Are called infrasonic and Frequencies above Hz are called ultrasonic.

The frequency of a sound Determines its pitch. Pitch is how high or low we Perceive a sound to be. Ultrasonic waves can produce Images of objects.

The speed of sound depends On the medium in which The sound moves. The speed of sound in room Temperature air is about 346 m/s, And is about 1490 m/s in water.

Sound waves propagate in All three dimensions. It works the same was a A radiating black body. This leads to the Doppler Effect.

Relative motion creates A change in frequency. The Doppler Effect is a Frequency shift that is the result Of relative motion between The source of waves and An observer.

You have experienced the Doppler Effect in most Everyday of your life. It is most easily noticed When you hear an ambulance Coming and going past you.

You can find the change in The frequency due to the Doppler Effect by a formula… f`` = f v v 0 v v s f ` is the new frequency v 0 is the observers speed v s is the speed of sound source

The frequency perceived by a Detector is equal to the velocity Of the detector relative to the Velocity of the wave, divided by The velocity of the source Relative to the wave, multiplied By the wave’s frequency.

A trumpet is played at 524 Hz while Traveling in a convertible at 24.6 m/s. If the car is coming toward you What frequency would you hear? 564 Hz

Intensity is the rate at which Energy flows through a unit Area perpendicular to the Direction of wave motion.

Intensity = P area P = Power Area = 4πr 2 So the SI unit for intensity Is W/m 2

What is the intensity of the sound Produced by a trumpet at a Distance of 3.2 m when the power Output of the trumpet is 0.2 W? Intensity = 1.6 X 10 -3

Intensity and frequency Determines which sounds Are audible. Relative intensity is Measured in decibels. Decibel level is the relative Intensity, determined by Relating the intensity of a sound Wave to the intensity at the Threshold of hearing.

When measuring decibels, every Step of 10 is double the Intensity. So sounds at the threshold of Pain are 4096 times as loud as Sounds at the threshold of hearing. 10Rustling leaves 50Normal Conservation 130Machine Gun

The fundamental frequency Is the lowest frequency Of vibration of a standing wave.

The harmonic series is a Series of frequencies that Includes the fundamental Frequency and integral Multiples of the fundamental Frequency.

Harmonic series of standing Waves on a string… f n = n v 2L n = harmonic number L = length of vibrating string v = speed of waves on the string

Harmonic series of a Pipe open at both ends… f n = n v 2L v = speed of sound in the pipe L = length of vibrating air column

Harmonic series of a Pipe closed at one end… f n = n v 4L v = speed of sound in the pipe L = length of vibrating air column n = harmonic number (odd only)

What are the first 3 harmonics in A 2.45 m long pipe that is open at Both ends? What are the first 3 Harmonics of this pipe when one End of the pipe is closed? The speed of sound is 345 m/s. Open : 70.4, 141, 211 Closed: 35.2, 106, 176

Harmonics account for The sound quality, or timbre. Timbre is the quality of a Steady musical sound that is The result of a mixture of Harmonics present at Different intensities.

The fundamental frequency Determines pitch. A beat is the interference of Waves of slightly different Frequencies traveling in the Same direction, perceived As a variation in loudness.

A forced vibration at the Natural frequency Produces resonance. Resonance is a condition that Exists when the frequency of A force applied to a system Matches the natural frequency Of vibration of the system.

Dissonance is an unpleasant Set of pitches. Consonance is a pleasant Set of pitches. Two music notes with frequencies Related by the ratio 1:2 are Said to differ by an octave.