Intellectual Foundations of 18th Century America

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Presentation transcript:

Intellectual Foundations of 18th Century America Puritanism The Great Awakening The Enlightenment

The Great Awakening (1730s-1760s) • Political Change Upsetting the status quo Attack on the established church - Loosened ties [new denominations formed (Methodist, Baptist, etc.) Equal opportunity for salvation [importance of individual] Best fit the frontier and the common Man Equality [age, sex, or social status didn’t matter when it came to salvation] Individualism

The Debate “Old Lights” Puritan Tradition [intellectual] Contract Reason and Logic over emotion [basis of faith] Well educated [education] Ordered liberty Community responsibility before individual freedom “New Lights” A New Theology Anti-intellectual - not uneducated and opposed to education [see Jonathan Edwards] Revivalists [emotional] Progressive Tied America together Nationalism “New Light” promise [slavery should end]

Leading Ministers of the Great Awakening: Jonathan Edwards George Whitefield Gilbert Tennent Promoted religion of the “heart” while de-emphasizing religion with the intellect

Outcomes of the Great Awakening Reinvigorated American Protestantism New Congregations over New/Old splits Strong strain of anti-intellectualism created Conversion - a message to which anyone can respond New Colleges - Princeton - William and Mary Eroded authority of organized religion Political democracy?

Secularism and Individualism God’s presence is not emphasized [“watchmaker” concept] Notion of the perfectibility of society Deists, Unitarian Universalists

First Great Awakening

Enlightenment - the Age of Reason Education - important to perfect society Moved from Europe to North America Natural Law Man can know and understand them (Aristotle) Judge institutions by them and fix them. Individual perfected society by fixing unnatural laws Scientific approach guided life Outcome: Reduced the power of organized religion by removing the sense of God’s presence While many acknowledge a sovereign God and his Providence, they viewed him as distant and aloof.

Reshaping the Intellectual Climate of the 18th Century 1. Toleration 2. Secularism - Materialism, Frontier Preoccupation 3. Reason Historians believe that the Great Awakening and Enlightenment were responsible for the creation of values appropriate to the coming revolution and the establishment of a new nation.