Chapter 5 The Greek City-States (c B.C.–404 B.C.) Part I #1-34 Mr. C. Dennison Cardinal Hayes HS Bronx, NY

frescoes Paintings done on wet plaster walls. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 2

polis Greek word for city- state, which developed around a central fort. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 3

acropolis 1. Hill or mountain in Greece that included a fort as well as temples and other public buildings. 2. high hill that marked the center of ancient Athens. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 4

agora Marketplace in a city- state in Greece. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 5

Minoans Earliest Greek civilization that had developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 6

Mycenaeans Civilization on the Greek mainland that conquered the Minoans in Crete in about 1400 B.C. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 7

myths Traditional stories about gods, goddesses, and heroes. Image: Bust of Zeus 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 8

oracles Special places where the ancient Greeks believed gods spoke through priests and priestesses. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 9

"Consulting the Oracle" by John William Waterhouse, showing eight priestesses in a temple of prophecy 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 10

aristocracies Greek city-states controlled by nobles. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 11

hoplites Heavily armed Greek infantry who carried long spears and fought in closely spaced rows. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 12

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tyrants In ancient Greece, rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people’s support; later came to refer to rulers who exercise brutal and oppressive power. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 14

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popular government Idea that people can and should rule themselves. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 16

democracy Government in which citizens take part. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 17

Homer The “blind” Greek poet. Some scholars believe that the poems themselves manifestly represent the culmination of many centuries of oral story- telling and a well- developed "formulaic" system of poetic composition, so according to Martin West, “______" is "not the name of a historical poet, but a fictitious or constructed name.“ 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 18

Homer and His Guide, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1825–1905). The scene portrays Homer on Mount Ida, beset by dogs and guided by the goatherder, Glaucus. (The tale is told in Pseudo Herodotus). 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 19

The Iliad Homer’s great epic that tells the story of the Trojan War. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 20

The Odyssey Homer’s epic that tells the story of the Greek hero Odysseus on his way home from the Trojan War. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 21

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Mermaids and Sirens In Greek mythology, sirens are sea nymphs who possess the bodies of birds and the heads of women, and are the daughters of the sea god Phorcys. Sirens had such sweet voices that it is said that mariners who heard their songs were lured into grounding their boats on the rocks on which the beautiful nymphs sang. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 23

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12/1/2015 copyright All Rights Reserved. 25 Sirens, like harpies, are composed of women and of birds, in various ways. In early Greek art sirens were represented as birds with large women's heads, bird feathers and scaly feet and sometimes manes of lions. Later, they were represented as female figures with the legs of birds, with or without wings playing a variety of musical instruments, especially harps. The Byzantine encyclopedia says that from their chests up Sirens had the form of sparrows, below they were women, or, alternatively, that they were little birds with women's faces. Birds were chosen because of their characteristic, beautiful voices. Later Sirens were sometimes also depicted as beautiful women, whose bodies, not only their voices, are seductive. The fact that in Spanish, French, Italian, Polish, Romanian or Portuguese, the word for mermaid are respectively Sirena, Sirène, Sirena, Syrena, Sirenă and Sereia creates visual confusion, so that sirens are even represented as mermaids.

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12/1/2015 copyright All Rights Reserved. 27 The Greek hero Ulysses was able to pass their island in safety because, following the advice of the sorceress Circe, he plugged the ears of his companion The Greek hero Ulysses was able to pass their island in safety because, following the advice of the sorceress Circe, he plugged the ears of his companions with wax and had himself firmly bound to the mast of the ship so that he could hear the songs without danger. According to later legends, the Sirens, upset at the escape of Odysseus or at the victory of Orpheus, threw themselves into the sea and s with wax and had himself firmly bound to the mast of the ship so that he could hear the songs without danger. According to later legends, the Sirens, upset at the escape of Odysseus or at the victory of Orpheus, threw themselves into the sea and perished. The Greek hero Ulysses was able to pass their island in safety because, following the advice of the sorceress Circe, he plugged the ears of his companions with wax and had himself firmly bound to the mast of the ship so that he could hear the songs without danger. According to later legends, the Sirens, upset at the escape of Odysseus or at the victory of Orpheus, threw themselves into the sea and perished. perished.

Ulysses and the Sirens - Herbert James Draper 12/1/2015 copyright All Rights Reserved. 28

Olympic Games Originally, ancient Greek festival including contests of sports, music, and literature; the modern revival of these games as international athletic competitions. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 29

helots conquered people of the Peloponnesus, who became the lowest class in Spartan society. 12/1/2015copyright All Rights Reserved. 30

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direct democracy Form of democracy in which all citizens participate directly in making decisions.

representative democracy Form of government in which citizens elect representatives to run the government for them, rather than each citizen serving directly in the government.