Lessons on Satellite Meteorology Part I : General Introduction Short history Geo versus polar satellite Visible images Infrared images Water vapour images EUMETSAT Meteosat Seconde Generation Metop The CAFs and the SAFs The future (MTG, Post-EPS, NPOESS) Objective of the trainings and programme of the day

Short History Sputnik-1 on 4 Oct st April 1960: TIROS-1 4 th Oct.1975 : GOES-1 23 th Nov : launch of Meteosat-1 Creation of EUMETSAT Launch of Meteosat-8 (MSG-1) Launch of Metop-A (...) 2017? : Meteosat Third Generation

Geostationary and polar satellites Altitude : +/ km Continuous view → nowcasting Altitude : +/- 800 km Global view in +/- 12h → data assimilation → NWP

Visible imagery Day only Reflection of solar radiation

Infrared imagery Tempearture of the object Day and night

Water vapour imagery Around 6 – 7 µm Since Emissions from water vapour low in the atmosphere will not normally escape to space. If the upper troposhpere is moist, the radiation reaching the satellite will mostly originate from this (cold) region and be displayed in white shades, following the IR imagery colour convention. Only if the upper atmosphere is dry will will radiation originate from water vapour at warmer, mid- troposheric levels and be displayed in darker shades on the image. In normally moist atmosphere, most of the WV radiation recieved by the satellite originates in the hPa layer, but when the air is dry some radiation may come from layers as low as 800hPa. Consider a bright and a dark area in a water vapour image: less radiance may:... correspond to atmospheric objects cooler than in the dark area... indicate that there is more water vapour present in the bright area so that the satellite senses a higher, and therefore colder, level. In either case, the relative humidity is likely to be higher in bright areas than in dark areas. Bright and dark areas may also indicate rising and sinking motions, respectively.

EUMETSAT 26 members states Created in 1985 Members states contributions 2006: Total : 227 millions euros Belgium = 6.1 millions euros Note: ECMWF contributions 2006 Total : +/- 45 millions euros Belgium : +/- 1.3 millions euros

Meteosat Seconde Generation (see separate power-points) 12 channels 4 satellites: Meteosat-8, -9,-10, -11 SEVIRI instrument with 12 channels Repeat cycle of 15'

Metop satellites First EUMETSAT polar satellite Collaboration with NOAA (JPS) Metop-A launched 2005 Metop-B to be launch 2012

The CAF and the SAFs CAF = Central Application Facility (MPEF) - core meteorological products SAFs = Satellite Application Facility - ozone SAF - land SAF - Nowcasting SAF (see afternoon presentations) - climate SAF - Hydrology SAF

Future Meteosat Third Generation Imager sounder Post-EPS satellite NOAA: GOES-R, NPP (VIIRS imager), NPOESS EUROPE INDIAN OCEAN

Objectives of the training - Advantages and limitations of the satellite observations - Physical basis involved - Get informed of the current possibilities - Practical implementation at RMIB/in Hawk -