Coastal Ocean Dynamics Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde

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Presentation transcript:

Coastal Ocean Dynamics Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde Seventh course: Estuarine Dynamics Hans Burchard Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde hans.burchard@io-warnemuende.de

The principle of estuarine circulation MacCready and Geyer (2010)

Knudsen formula of 1900 Volume conservation: s=0 Salt conservation:

Analytical solution for estuarine circulation Balance between pressure gradient and friction: . With we obtain the analytical solution:

Example solution

Tidal straining after flood after ebb MacCready and Geyer (2010) after Simpson et al. (1990)

Estuarine circulation due to tidal straining 75% level 75% level MacCready & Geyer (2010) after Jay & Musiak (1994)

Simple model simulations of estuarine circulation under tidally energetic conditions With full-scale 1D model (GOTM, www.gotm.net): Gravitational circulation and tidal straining profiles can be decomposed. Estuarine circ. Straining Gravitational Result: Tidal straining makes about 2/3 of estuarine circulation. Burchard and Hetland (JPO 2010)

Lateral circulation in tidal estuaries Flood currents are faster in the deep channel such that salinity becomes higher in the channel centre than at the sides. This lateral density gradient then causes lateral circulation. Ebb is vice versa. MacCready & Geyer (2010)

Floating material collected at tidal front during flood (Conwy River, Wales, UK) Nunes & Simpson (1985)

Estuarine circulation due to lateral circulation During flood high (positive) surface momentum is vertically transported to the near bed region. During ebb, relatively high (negative, but less negative than in channel centre) is transported from the sides to the central near-bed region. This both supports estuarine circulation. MacCready & Geyer (2010)

Enhancement of estuarine circulation in channelised tidal flow (2D slice modelling with GETM) www.getm.eu Burchard et al. (JPO 2011)

Circulation in transverse estuary

of estuarine circulation Transverse structure of estuarine circulation Gravitational circulation Tidal straining circulation Advective circulation Barotropic circulation Burchard et al. (JPO 2011)

Estuarine circulation drives SPM fluxes

Estuarine circulation drives SPM fluxes Observations in the Elbe estuary: Kappenberg et al. (1995)

Generation of estuarine turbidity maxima (ETMs) Sediment accumulation

estuarine circulation on sediment transport Consequences of estuarine circulation on sediment transport ETM ETM = estuarine turbidity maximum Jay and Musiak (1994)

Modelling (2DV) ETM formation Burchard and Baumert (1998)

The lower Elbe River

Observations of ETM in lower Elbe River Run-off Neu-Darchau = 707 m3/s Salinity (g/kg) Courtesy Jens Kappenberg

Modelling (3D) ETM formation ebb tide low water flood tide high water Burchard et al. (2004)

Ems as hyperturbid estuary Talke et al. (2009)

Is there a positive feedback loop in estuarie? Winterwerp, 2013

What happened to the Ems estuary? Pers. Comm. Henk Schuttelaars, 2013 Elbe Winterwerp, 2013