1. Hans Burchard Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde hans.burchard@io-warnemuende.de Trying to model Greenland’s fjords with GETM

2. Aspects of fjord-type estuarine circulation Reissmann et al., 2009 Exchange flow Inflows Boundary and internal mixing

3. www.getm.eu

4. Coupled coastal ocean modelling with GETM

5. Gräwe et al. (in prep.) Domain decomposition

6. Example for simulated summer sea surface temperature Gräwe et al. (in prep.)

7. Example for simulated bottom salinity Gräwe et al. (in prep.)

8. Adaptive coordinates in Bornholm Sea

9. 1 nm Baltic Sea model with adaptive coordinates - refinement partially towards isopycnal coordinates - reduced numerical mixing - reduced pressure gradient errors - still allowing flow along the bottom salinity temperature km Hofmeister et al. (2011) Feistel et al., 2004 Observations November 2003

10. Ideas about IOW‘s contribution to Green-Rise IOW‘s task basically is to provide a cheap (and simple ?) parameterised fjord model which can be incorporated into climate models. About 150 fjords have to be simulated individually. On the ocean side these simplified fjords are driven by a large-scale ocean circulation model. On the glacier side fjords interact with glacier heads (melting). Wind forcing seems to be important for the exchange between fjord and shelf. Sermilik fjord (without sill, SE Greenland) will be used for high- resolution reference modelling. Probably, also a classical sill fjord and a fjord with an ice shelf should be added for reference simulations.

11. Sketch of fjord model design (from proposal)

12. Short discussion on Sermilik fjord issues It is the plan to reproduce one real year‘s circulation in high resolution with GETM. Problems: bathymetry partially unknown; side walls partially very steep. Straneo et al. (2010 )

13. Hydrography of Sermilik fjord July September

14. Sciascia et al. (2013 ) Idealised 2DV model of Sermilik fjord

15. Sciascia et al. (2013 ) Idealised 2DV model of Sermilik fjord Qsg=0.74 m 3 /s Qsg=5.8 m 3 /s Qsg=8.7 m 3 /s

16. Sciascia et al. (2013 ) Idealised 2DV model of Sermilik fjord Salinity anomaly and circulation (summer) Summer (gray) and winter (black) melt rate

17. Lab experiments for submarine melting (courtesy Claudia Cenedese, WHOI) small discharge large discharge

18. Issues about parameterised fjord models How complex should these fjord models be? Two-layer longitudinal? Multi-layer longitudinal? Or simpler? Or more complex? What are the computing time constraints? How to reproduce 150 fjords individually? How should the coupling into a climate model be made technically? Via an Earth system coupler? As part of an existing module? Should one first build a toy coupled model? How should the forcing be on the ocean side? What is the spatial / temporal / process resolution of the ocean model? Wind forcing? How should the fjord model interact with the glacier model? How does actually submarine glacial melt increase ice export to the ocean? How to incorporate this into the coupled model system?