Roaring Twenties to World War II

Life in the Roaring Twenties Life in US after World War I was good More modern conveniences freed women from household chores Electricity became more available Other inventions included gas stoves, toasters, sliced bread, baby food Radio: WSB started in Atlanta 1927: first talking motion picture Walt Disney creates Mickey Mouse

Life magazine represents the Roaring Twenties with their cover https://swogdog.wikispaces.com/Industry+and+Economics+Mod+4 20s couture designs belonging to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Kyoto Costume Institute. http://girldir.com/fashion-trends/fashion-muse-spring-2008-flapper

http://pmi.itmonline.com/Series/2001/american_voices.htm http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/tbacig/studproj/is3099/jazzcult/20sjazz/

The Destruction of King Cotton Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s most important cash crop Price of cotton also dropped 1924: major drought (period with little or no rain) hit Georgia Georgia farmers did not have the “good life” that many Americans enjoyed Farms closed forcing banks and farm-related business to close

The Boll Weevil http://animals.howstuffworks.com/insects/boll-weevil-info.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_weevil

The Bottom Drops Out Stock Market: Place where shares of ownership in corporations (stock) are bought and sold “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people lose all their wealth Total losses by end of year: $40 billion Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share – dropped to $22 per share Some stocks worth less than 1¢

Crowds outside the stock exchange on Black Tuesday http://blacktuesday.info/ Crowds outside the stock exchange on Black Tuesday http://www.nytstore.com/ProdDetail.aspx?prodId=2492 http://bvapush.pbwiki.com/Black+Tuesday

Causes of the Great Depression Many people had borrowed too much money Factories produced more goods than they could sell As people and businesses had problems making money, banks did not get paid for loans “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their money if it was left in the bank laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if left alone

Living Through The Depression 1932: 13 million unemployed 9,000 banks closed 31 Georgia banks failed Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover – shacks where homeless people gathered Soup kitchens set up by charities and governments to feed hungry Schools were often forced to close or shorten schedules Georgians were already suffering from economic problems before Black Tuesday

Two Children in a Hooverville http://www.picturehistory.com/product/id/879 http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~elkridge/DepressionYears.htm http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~elkridge/DepressionYears.htm

Easing the Burden President Hoover’s plan: government would buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price Plan did not work, but the food and cotton were used to help the needy Another plan was to hire unemployed people to do work for the government Plan did not employ enough people to really help

The New Deal 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the depression Examined banks for soundness Give jobs to unemployed workers Tried to improve American’s lives Paved the way for recovery though all programs did not work

Effects of some of the New Deal Programs Civilian Conservation Corps: Put young men to work in rural and forested areas, planting trees and terracing fields to prevent soil erosion. Worked on dams, roads, and forest fire prevention Lived in army-type camps Paid $30 a month by the government, $22 of which was sent to parents The effect of this program was that many improvements to the state’s infrastructure were completed.

http://freepages. genealogy. rootsweb. ancestry http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~elkridge/DepressionYears.htm

Effects of some of the New Deal Programs Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA): Aimed to bring farm income back up to WWI levels Paid farmers to produce less cotton, corn, wheat, rice, and milk and fewer hogs Bought farm products to distribute to people on relief The effect was to raise farm prices and thus enable farmers to buy manufactured goods.

Effects of some of the New Deal Programs Rural Electrification (REA): A major reform effort to provide electrical power to rural areas of the country. The effect was to enable many rural areas in Georgia to have electricity

Effects of some of the New Deal Programs Social Security Act: Began to provide government pensions or retirement pay, to older citizens. It provided federal money to state governments to help people who were unemployed or unable to work. The effect of this Act was to improve the social and economic life of Americans in need.

Legacy of the New Deal Produced great and lasting change in America. Was not successful in ending the Great Depression, but gave hope and helped Americans get through the hard times The New Deal resulted in a general acceptance that government will take an active role in attempting to better the life of citizens in this country.

Georgia’s New Deal Governors Richard B. Russell (1931-1933) Worked to reorganize state government like a successful business Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years Eugene Talmadge (1933-1937), (1941-1943) A conservative white supremacist Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia. He tried to rid the state of them. He used federal funds to build roads more than to help the unemployed Eurith “Ed” Rivers (1937-1941) Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in Georgia Began programs for public housing Term ended with corruption problems

Georgia’s New Deal Governors Talmadge re-elected in 1940 Began to use some New Deal programs Used his power as governor to remove state officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges Ellis Arnall 1st governor to serve a four year term Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons Removed poll tax New state constitution Led Georgia to be the first state in the nation to allow 18 year olds to vote

Increasing Tensions Country Leader Quick Facts Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military strength Country Leader Quick Facts Japan Emperor Hirohito Attacked China seeking raw materials Italy Mussolini Attacked Ethiopia and Albania Germany Adolf Hitler Nazi leader; began rebuilding military forces, persecuting Jews, and silencing opponents Soviet Union Josef Stalin Built up industry and military, forced peasants into collective farms, eliminated opponents

World Leaders Emperor Hirohito-Japan Adolf Hitler-Germany Benito Mussolini –Italy Josef Stalin –Soviet Union

The War Begins 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to “take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland) Sent troops to take over Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland Great Britain and France declared war Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed to split Poland with Germany By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain

A Neutral United States Most Americans did not want to get involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union American ships began escorting British ships in convoys

“A Day That Will Live In Infamy” President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to protest its expansion into other countries Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and metals were stopped The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941 Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them control of the Pacific Ocean The USA declared war on Japan Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

Pearl Harbor USS Arizona - Pearl Harbor Memorial, Hawaii http://liberalsarecool.blogspot.com/2008/12/dec-7-1941.html?referer=sphere_search

American Military Forces Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor 330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles Segregation in the military kept African American and white service men in different units Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force

Tuskeegee Airmen Seven pilots from Tuskegee Airmen class 42I posing in front of a single propeller airplane. http://www.blackarchives.org/node/83

The War In Europe 1942-1943: British and American troops won control of Africa 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated plan to recapture Europe D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in northern France Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide

Georgia Loses A Friend at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs Millions of Georgians and Americans mourned Vice President Harry Truman became president http://www.gastateparks.org/net/go/parks.aspx?LocationID=49&s=0.0.1.5

The War in the Pacific 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout the Asian Pacific region 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese controlled lands Japan refused to surrender President Truman authorized the use of atomic bombs to force Japan’s surrender Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki Over 50 million people died in the war

Aftermath of the atomic blast at Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945. In this picture released by the US Army, a mushroom cloud billowed, about one hour after the atomic bomb was detonated above Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945. About 140,000 are believed to have died in the blast. (US Army Photo Via Hiroshima Peace Museum Memorial) Aftermath of the atomic blast at Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945. © Archive Photos/Popperfoto © Archive Photos/Popperfoto © Archive Photos/Popperfoto

The Holocaust The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed 6 million people killed in the Holocaust

Concentration Camps - World War II

Georgia During World War II 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces – over 7,000 killed Military bases were built in the state which improved the economy Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for the average farmer Limits were put on the consumption of goods such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing) Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases

Important People and Places in Georgia during World War II Macon and Milledgeville: location of weapon plants in Georgia Savannah and Brunswick Shipyards: War production facilities that provided an area to build naval vessels. Bell Aircraft: Early 1942 announced plans to locate a plant to build B-29 bombers-then America’s largest military plane-in Marietta Fall 1943, the huge facility was in full operation Employed 20,000 civilian workers

[Photograph of the Liberty ship F [Photograph of the Liberty ship F. Southall Farrar under construction (second view), J.A. Jones Construction Company shipyard, Brunswick, Georgia], 1944 May 23

Important People and Places in Georgia during World War II Military Training facilities: Fort Benning, known as “home of the U.S. Infantry”. It was the largest infantry training school in the world Hunter Airfield (Savannah) Warner Robins Air Service Command (Macon) Fort McPherson (Atlanta) Camp Gordon (Augusta)

Antiaircraft soldiers on stateside maneuvers with their mobile 3-inch gun M3 in 1941. http://www.antiaircraft.org/3inch.htm Sixteen Negro soldiers recently won the coveted `wings' of the U.S. Army paratroopers at Fort Benning, in the southern U.S. state of Georgia. The picture shows some of them riding high in a C-47 transport plane preparing to make one of the required five qualifying jumps." March 1944. 208-FS-1783-1. http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/#train Fort Benning, Georgia, 1941 photo courtesy of Barbara & Kenneth Goodin Collection 

Important People and Places in Georgia during World War II Carl Vinson Georgia Representative to the United States Congress Elected to house in 1914 Served for more than 50 years Respected for knowledge and commitment to military preparedness Driving force behind building a naval fleet in the pacific Ocean (believed the navy was our nation’s 1st line of defense) Sponsored legislation creating the U.S. Army Air Corps (later became U.S. Air Force)                                                                                                                                                   http://www.medaloffreedom.com/CarlVinson.htm

Important People and Places in Georgia during World War II Richard Russell: Georgia Senator to the United States Congress First elected in 1932 Served through 1971 Developed a similar reputation to Carl Vinson’s for helping build America’s military strength during World War II http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Constitutional_Crisis_Averted.htm

The War’s Effect on Society Everyone was expected to help in the war effort Women began working in jobs to replace men who had gone to war G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to civilian life Low cost loans for homes or business College education opportunities Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war

World War II – Effect on Georgia During the war, the annual income for the average Georgian doubled More Georgians were employed in manufacturing than in agriculture End of war marked a period of rapid social and economic change in Georgia Hundreds of thousands of Georgia GIs had served in far off places and their view of the world changed Young Georgians had a chance for a better life Postwar Georgia would never be quite the same