Marine Integrated Aquaculture Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ph.D. Professor, University of Arizona American Soybean Association Past President – World Aquaculture Society Karachi, Pakistan 9 March, 2012

Overview Global perspective on sustainable aquaculture Production systems Polyculture of fish, bivalves, seaweeds, and crustaceans Future trends

Several models Fish and seaweed in cages Seaweeds in shrimp pond Fish in cages in shrimp farm supply reservoirs Fish and shrimp in crop rotation Tilapia to treat/re-use shrimp effluent

Tilapia - shrimp polyculture

Philippines - Early adoption of polyculture Severe disease outbreaks in shrimp industry in 1990’s Major producer of tilapia Developed tilapia-shrimp polyculture system on Negros Island Crop-rotation, tilapia in cages/hapas, and tilapia in reservoir Have been operating for 10+ years

Tilapia-shrimp farm in Sonora, Mexico

Fish-shrimp production in Ecuador and Peru Supplementing shrimp because of white spot and other shrimp diseases Crop rotation, tilapia in supply reservoirs Using shrimp infrastructure Exporting tilapia to US and EU

Tilapia production in Ecuador and shrimp viral infections White Spot Taura IHHN

Tilapia production in outside ponds with shrimp in covered ponds (Ecuador)

Tilapia-shrimp-halophytes Eritrea Salicornia Mangroves Mangroves Salicornia Shrimp / tilapia ponds

Shrimp-fish systems Tilapia cages in shrimp pond, Thailand Tilapia hapa in shrimp pond, Thailand

Brackish water fish – seaweeds and bivalves Snapper, seabass, grouper cage effluents (feed and feces) fertilize seaweed and feed filter feeding bivalves

Thailand experimental polyculture systems at AIT Shrimp survival - 90% Shrimp yield - 3,000 kg/ha Tilapia survival - > 90% Tilapia yield - 1,500 kg/ha Tilapia growth - 10g to 300g in 10 weeks Shrimp survival and yield was lower in monoculture control

Seaweed and Mud crabs

Gracilaria Shrimp Tilapia

Seaweed, milkfish and shrimp polyculture

Fresh Gracilaria from the tilapia-shrimp pond

Mechanisms Mucus – supports gram positive bacteria Fish activity increases green algae bloom while maintaining levels of other types of algae Bio-manipulators of sediments - Oxidize wastes - Disturb life-cycle of pathogens and vectors

Marine Integrated Aquaculture Shrimp seaweeds, bivalves, cucumbers, urchins Fish seaweeds, bivalves, tunicates Abalone seaweeds Mud crabs seaweeds, fish, shrimp

Grouper and Snappers → seaweeds, inverts Groupers and snappers in cages release dissolved nutrients (N, P, K, Fe, CO2, etc.) and suspended solids (feed, feces, phytoplankton) to be consumed by seaweed, bivalves, and sea urchins

Floating feeds

Conclusions Improved production systems with more sustainability. Protection of the environment More economic benefit for aquatic farmers.