Cell Organelles

3-2 Animal cell anatomy

3-3 Plant cell anatomy

Anatomy of a Protist

Cell Organelles Organelle= “little organ” Found only inside eukaryotic cells All the stuff in between the organelles is cytosol Everything in a cell except the nucleus is cytoplasm found in all cells - found in all cells

Cell Membrane Boundary of the cell Made of a phospholipid bilayer Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Nucleus Control center of the cell Contains chromatin - DNA and protein - DNA and protein DNA contains genetic info DNA contains genetic info Surrounded by a Nuclear Envelope - double layer of membrane - contains openings called nuclear pores which allow materials to pass into and out of the nucleus Nucleolus - makes ribosome parts – rRNA and protein

Cytoskeleton Acts as skeleton and muscle Provides shape and structure Helps move organelles around the cell Made of three types of filaments – all 3 are made of protein

Centriole Aids in cell division Usually found only in animal cells Made of microtubules Where else have we talked about microtubules?

Endoplasmic Reticulum A.k.a. “ER” Connected to nuclear membrane Highway of the cell Rough ER: studded with ribosomes; it collects proteins made by ribosmes Smooth ER: no ribosomes; it makes lipids – detoxifies alcohol

Ribosome Site of protein synthesis Found attached to rough ER or floating free in cytoplasm Ribosomes in cytoplasm can form groups called polysomes That looks familiar…what is a polypeptide?

Golgi Apparatus Looks like a stack of plates Stores, modifies and packages proteins Molecules transported to and from the Golgi by means of vesicles - vesicles are sacks of membrane which transport materials through out the cell - vesicles are sacks of membrane which transport materials through out the cell Some vesicles become lysosomes Some vesicles travel to the cell membrane where their contents are excreted

Lysosomes Recycling center of the cell Contain digestive enzymes that break down worn out cell parts, large molecules and wastes Which organelles do lysosomes work with?

Mitochondria “Powerhouse of the cell” Cellular respiration occurs here to release energy in the form of ATP for the cell to use Bound by a double membrane Has its own loop of DNA – like bacterial DNA

Chloroplast Found in plant cells and some protists Contains the green pigment chlorophyll Site of photosynthesis - produces sugar - produces sugar double membrane contains a loop of DNA like bacterial DNA

Cell Wall Found in plant, fungi and bacterial cells Rigid, protective barrier Located outside of the cell membrane Made of cellulose (fiber)

Vacuoles Large central vacuole found in many plant cells: contains water, salt etc.. - forms over time as many smaller vacuoles fuse together – can be 80% of cells interior - forms over time as many smaller vacuoles fuse together – can be 80% of cells interior Smaller vacuoles found in animal cells - food vacuoles – form when a cell engulfs food - food vacuoles – form when a cell engulfs food - contractile vacuoles found in some freshwater protists- pump out excess water - contractile vacuoles found in some freshwater protists- pump out excess water What type of microscope may have been used to take this picture?

Vacuoles in Animal Cells

Movement - Flagella Flagella Flagella – Long hair-like structure – found in some bacteria, and eukaryotic cells - most eukaryotes with flagella have a single flagella - flagella are made of bundles of microtubules

Movement - Cilia Cilia – Short oar-like structures that can move the cell or be used to be move other things move the cell or be used to be move other things - found in animal cells and some protists - found in animal cells and some protists - found in our throats to move mucus - found in our throats to move mucus

Quick Review Which organelle is the control center of the cell? Nucleus Which organelle holds the cell together? Cell membrane Which organelles are not found in animal cells? Cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplasts Which organelle helps plant cells make food? Chloroplasts What does E.R. stand for? Endoplasmic reticulum

What do you need to know to be an organelle Pro? cytosol* cytoplasm* cytoskeleton* cell/plasma membrane* nucleus* nuclear envelope* nuclear pores* nucleolus* centriole nuclear pores* nucleolus* centriole A Rough E R* Smooth E R* ribosomes* golgi apparatus* vesicles* lysosomes* mitochondria* chloroplast cell wall mitochondria* chloroplast P cell wall P flagella* cilia vacuoles – central, food and contractile vacuoles – central P, food A and contractile Know which organelles are found in both plants and animals * found only in animal cells found only in plant cells Know which organelles are found in both plants and animals * found only in animal cells A found only in plant cells P