初三英语串讲

一 名词 名词 普通名词 可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 people, family, class 不可数名词 物质名词 water, milk 抽象名词 happiness, imagination 专有名词 Tom, China, the Changjiang River

( 一 ) 可数名词 1. 一般情况下，直接加 “s” map – maps teacher – teachers 2. 以字母 s, x, ss, o, ch, sh 结尾的单词，加 “es” bus – buses box – boxes glass – glasses watch – watches brush – brushes ch – [k] stomach – stomachs ▲ hero – heroes tomato – tomatoes potato – potatoes mosquito--mosquitoes ▲ bamboo – bamboos zoo – zoos radio –radios photo – photos piano – pianos kilo – kilos video – videos studio – studios zero –zeros (zeroes)

3. 以辅字母 +y 结尾的名词，把 “y” 变为 “i” 再加 “-es” city – cities country – countries 以元音字母 + “y” 结尾的名词，直接加 boy – boys day – days monkey – monkeys 4. 以 “f” 或 “fe” 结尾的单词，把 “f” 或者 “fe” 变成 “v” 再加 “es” thief – thieves knife – knives leaf – leaves half – halves self – selves ▲ roof – roofs chief -- chiefs

5. 不规则变化 man – men woman – women foot – feet tooth – teeth mouse – mice goose – geese policeman – policemen Englishwoman – Englishwomen German-Germans human-humans gentleman – gentlemen a man driver – men drivers a woman doctor – women doctors 6. 词尾变化 child – children ox -- oxen

7. 单复数同形 fish deer sheep Chinese Japanese Portuguese Vietnamese 只有复数形式的名词 clothes trousers glasses shorts pants (socks) compasses thanks scissors a pair of trousers a suit of clothes hair / fruit a few white hairs many juicy fruits

( 二 ) 不可数名词 1. 单复数形式分别表示不同的意义 time – times 次数，时代，倍 wood – woods 森林 work – works 工厂，著作 paper – papers 卷子 green – greens 蔬菜 2. 有些物质名字在表示不同类别的时候可用复数 tea – teas 各种茶 fruit – fruits 各种水果 fish – fishes 各种鱼

3. 有些抽象名词可以用复数形式来表示具体的 事物 difficulty – difficulties 困难 4. 姓氏 the Smiths = the Smith family 5. 量词 a kilo of a plate of a pair of a piece of a bag of a box of a basket of a bottle of a bowl of a box of oranges two baskets of apples

( 三 ) 名词所有格 1.+ ’s my mother’s watch Tony’s mp4 2.’ Teachers’ Day students’ books 3.Lily and Lucy’s bedroom Lily’s and Lucy’s desks Mary’s and Tom’s fathers 4.Women’s Day Children’s Palace 5. 双重所有格 a friend of mine a child of theirs 6. 无生命的用 of, 但表示时间，距离，集体，城市，国家等也可用 ’s today’s newspaper ten minutes’ walk 7. 特殊用法 the answer to the question the key to the box the way to school

代词 （一）人称代词表 （二）指示代词 this that these those such same such / quite / rather such: such was the story We have never seen such a tall building. same: Whether he can do it or not, it is all the same to me. He dived. I did the same.( 宾语 )

（三）不定代词 some any some 一般用于肯定句和征求对方意见的句型 any 多用于疑问，否定或条件句 Ask me if you have any questions. I don’t know any of the students. I don’t know some of the students.( 部分否定 ) 这些学生中有些我不认识 any 用于肯定句表示 “ 任何 ” You can take any of them.

one ones both neither all none many much too many + (c) n. too much + (u) n. much too +adj. sometime some time sometimes some times adv. too either also

a lot of lots of many much some (any) several a few a little few little

other the other others the others one…… the other(s) one…… another some …… other than any other + n. each ( 各个 ) 指两个或两个以上的人或物，强调 各个 every ( 每个 ) 指三个或者三个以上的人或物，只能做定语. Every student in our class has a Chinese dictionary. Each of them has been there. either……or 构成连词 He is either Japanese or Chinese. neither……nor Neither you nor he is a worker.

数词 1– 100 first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, hundredth 132 one hundred and thirty-second hundreds of (thousands of / millions of / billions of ) 基数词可以和名词组成形容词，但名词要用单数 a five-year-old boy an 800-meter-long bridge 表示时间，序数词的前面一般情况下要加 “the”

表示偏号 Lesson One （ 1 ） = the first lesson Picture Two （ 2 ） = the second picture Bus No.3 = the No.3 bus Room 302 1/3 one third 2/3 two-thirds 2 （ 2/3 ） two and two-thirds 1/4 a quarter 3/4 three-quarters

Prep. in / on in the wall in the tree on the wall on the tree in front of ≠ in the front of on a cold winter morning on his birthday in 在将来时的用法 in, on, to 的方位用法 in hospital ≠ in the hospital at table ≠ at the table over through across

Conj. and, but, so, or both……and and ……both neither……nor either……or not only……but also although though X but because X so

①时间状语从句 when, while, as, after, before, since till, until, as soon as ②原因： because, as, since ③条件状语从句 if, unless He will come if he is invited. He will not come unless he is invited. ④引导 的状语从句 so that 为了 = in order that ⑤结果状语 so that so ……that such ……that It was very cold, so that the water in the bowl froze. He is such a good student that we all like him. ⑥引导让步状语从句 though although even if if 和 whether 引导宾语从句

Adj. & adv. the old, the young, the rich, the poor 顺序：冠词（包括物主代词，序数词，基数词 )-- 描绘性形容词（ brave, beautiful ） → 表示形 状（大小，长短，高矮）的形容词 → 表年 龄，同一类的，次序音节少的词在前 a tall, good-looking man a blank and white TV set 放在不定代词之后 Do you have anything new to tell us? I want to give my friends something nice to eat.

比较级 1. 规则变化 er, ow, ure, le tall – taller – tallest small – smaller – smallest 2. 开音节 brave – braver – bravest nice – nicer – nicest (tired, pleased, right, real, glad 等加 more, most) 3. 闭音节 big – bigger – biggest thin – thinner – thinnest 4. 以辅音 + “y” 结尾 dry – drier – driest happy – happier –happiest heavy early easy hungry tidy dirty …… 5. 双音节和多音节，加 more – most

6. 不规则 good – better– best well – better– best little – less – least bad – worse – worst badly – worse – worst ill – worse – worst many – more – most much – more – most far – farther – farthest far – further – furthest old –older –oldest old –elder –eldest

比较级 Which is the larger country, Canada or America? He is taller than any other student in his class. any of the students warmer and warmer the more, the better The more he eats, the fatter he will be. He is more and more interested in physics. 加强比较的语气 much, many, far, a lot, a little, even, still 等。 one of + 最高级 + 名词复数 Friday is my busiest day.

冠词 an hour a unit a used bike (mobile phone) an “l” a one-eyed cat an honest boy 交通工具不用冠词 （ by ）

动词 情态动词，助动词， to be and to do can – could – be able to may – might may – mustn’t must – have to must – needn’t may be 可能是 ≠ maybe must be 一定是 can be 在我们的范围内多用否定式 The boy can’t be Mike. He has gone to Xi’an.

1.work – worked – worked – working 2.study – studied – studied – studying 3.stop – stopped – stopped regret – regretted – regretted 4. prefer – preferred – preferred am was to be are were been being is

shall + v. should + v. will + v. would + v. be going + v. 用来表示已安排或计划，即将发生的动作，多 与表示移动的动词 come, go, arrive, fly, start 等

现在完成时 already since just for ever so far never recently yet before have (has) been to in have gone to

瞬间动词 go (leave) – be away arrive – be here come – be here finish – be over begin – be on start – be on buy – have borrow –keep lend – keep die – be dead join – be a member of become – be

被动语态 p.p past participle be + p.p be + being p.p have (has) been + p.p had been + p.p shall + be + p.p will + be + p.p should + be + p.p would + be + p.p

动词不定式 To ask him for help is necessary. It’s necessary to ask him for help. To help poor people is our duty. It’s our duty to help poor people. It’s not easy to master a foreign language. to be adj. (for sb.) to do sth. want to do I find it interesting to study English. We thought it better to start early. I have a lot of work to do. She was the first person to think of the idea.

动宾关系的 There is nothing (for us ) to think about. The nurse has five children to look after. I use a pen to write with. This is a good place to live in. 否定式 He decided not to give up studying maths. My mother told me not to play in the street.

疑问词 + 动词不定式 I don’t know what to do next. how to get there. which bus to take. There are a lot of things to be done. The books and magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room. let sb. do sth. had better do sth. help sb. (to) not do sth. make sb. do

感官动词 see look at watch find hear listen to feel notice Will you please do sth. not do sth. The teacher asked the students to read and write in class.

动词辨析 : look, look at, see listen, listen to, hear look for, find read, watch, find out bring, take, get, carry, lift, move, remove get to, arrive at (in), reach used to, be used to doing, be used to do, be used for. be made in, be made of, be made from, be made up of. hear from, get a letter from, receive a letter from.

花费的四种表达方法 : to spend……on sth. (in) doing sth. time with sb. time away from sb. to pay for It takes sb. sometime to do sth. sth. cost sb.+ 价钱

固定搭配 want to do sth. decide to do sth. like to do sth. ask sb. to do sth. hate to do sth. tell sb. to do sth. hope to do sth. stop to do sth. begin to do sth. stop doing sth. mind doing sth. stop sb.(sth.) from doing sth. finish doing sth. keep sb. doing sth. finish sth. keep sb. from doing sth. practice doing sth. give up doing sth. go on doing sth. help sb. with sth. enjoy doing sth. help sb. (to) do sth. enjoy sth. help oneself to enjoy oneself buy/ give/ show/ bring/ take/ lend/ send/ pass

I don’t think / believe prefer …to be good at be good for be bad for be late for be ready for (to) be used for get ready for be made of (in, from, up, of ) be busy doing sth. be pleased with be excited about be surprised at be satisfied with be proud of be busy with sth. be worried about be interested in be famous for be afraid of / that / to to be adj. for sb. to do sth. to be time for / to / for sb. to do sth.

宾语从句 状语从句 定语从句 宾语从句阐述客观真理时时态不变 感叹句 weather food news work advice there be 句型 反意疑问句 Yes, No. never hardly few little miss 话题 Making phone calls

写作 假如你叫李华，你的美国笔友 Annie 打算明年到北京来观看奥运会，她想 了解北京的天气，人文交通等情况， 请你给她发一封 ，全面向她介 绍北京并欢迎她来，开头已给出：

Dear Annie: I’m very glad to know you want to come to Beijing for Olympic Games in Now let me tell you something about my hometown to you. You know Beijing is the Capital of China and it is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. There are a lot of tall buildings, wide and clean streets and many places of interests in Beijing. The traffic here is very convenient. The weather in Beijing is better in August. It is neither too hot nor too cold because it is autumn when the meeting begins. The people in Beijing are very friendly. They are all helpful and warm-hearted. And now most of them can speak English. They are busy getting ready for the meeting. When you come, I can show you around the famous city. Welcome to Beijing! I’m waiting for you. Yours Li Hua

写作 你的笔友在学习英语时，他在记忆方面遇 到了困难。希望你能给他一些帮助或建议。 你给他写一封回信。

Dear Bill, Don’t worry. There are a number of ways to help improve your memory, so you shouldn’t feel upset. My first advice is that if you want to remember something well, you have to review it regularly. You might want to go over the material two days after you learned it, then a week later, two weeks later, and then a month later. After a month you will find that you can easily remember the material.

My second advice is to use a colored pen to highlight the important parts on you book. This will help you in two ways. First, it will help you concentrate on the most important parts when you learn the know- ledge. Second, when you open your book, the colored parts will show you the most important things immediately. In this way, you don’t have to go over all the material again.

Another piece of advice is to go over all the information in your mind right before you go to sleep. Your brain is working while you are sleeping. If you think about the information before you go to sleep, you might be able to remember it better. Before you use these ideas, you should know if you want to remember something well you must understand it. Yours Tom