Comparison of Features relative to one another ABSOLUTE GEOLOGIC TIME (AGE) RELATIVE Comparison of Features relative to one another ABSOLUTE Establish or determine numerical dates for Features Figure 8.5a

LAWS (PRINCIPALS) OF DETERMINING RELATIVE AGE ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY LATERAL CONTINUITY SUPERPOSITION UNCONFORMITIES (WITH 3 ABOVE) INCLUSIONS Erosional (“float”) Igneous Intrusions CROSS-CUTTING FEATURES Faults Unconformities Figure 8.5a

Figure 8.5a

UNCONFORMITIES Figure 8.1

ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY & SUPERPOSITION D C B A Figure 8.2 ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY & SUPERPOSITION

ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY, SUPERPOSITION & INCLUSIONS B A Figure 8.3 ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY, SUPERPOSITION & INCLUSIONS

ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY, SUPERPOSITION, UNCONFORMITIES, & INCLUSIONS D C B A Figure 8.4 ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY, SUPERPOSITION, UNCONFORMITIES, & INCLUSIONS

H G F E D C B A Figure 8.5b ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY, SUPERPOSITION, UNCONFORMITIES, CROSS-CUTTING FEATURES, & INCLUSIONS

CROSS-CUTTING FEATURES B A Figure 8.6 CROSS-CUTTING FEATURES

F E D C B A Figure 8.7 ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY, SUPERPOSITION, UNCONFORMITIES, CROSS-CUTTING FEATURES, & INCLUSIONS

F E D C B A Figure 8.9 ORIGINAL HORIZONTALITY, SUPERPOSITION, UNCONFORMITIES, CROSS-CUTTING FEATURES, & INCLUSIONS

Look at overall picture and see where the oldest units are. PUZZLE: Look at overall picture and see where the oldest units are. Work your way “upward” from oldest to youngest looking at the relational features using the “principals” UnFigure Pg219_1a

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.11a

Figure 8.11b

Carbon-14; Half-life = 5,730 Years; 12.5% of C-14 Left. Figure 8.11c Carbon-14; Half-life = 5,730 Years; 12.5% of C-14 Left. # Half-lifes? Age? 3 Half-lives: 3 x 5,730 years = 17,190 years

UnFigure Pg223 PAGE 223

ACTIVITIES 8.2: A, B 8.4: A, B, C, D(1), E 8.5: A Figure 8.5a