2. Relative Time: Ages of events are placed in order of occurrence. No exact date is identified.  Ex. WWI and WWII  Ex. I am the second child in my family.

3. Absolute Time: Identifies the exact date of an event.  Ex. 65 Million Years Ago  Ex. 1990

4. Let’s practice with a sequencing example…

5. C D E B H I A

6. Finding age with relative time: 1. The Law of Superposition In a sequence of undisturbed sedimentary rocks, the oldest rocks will be at the bottom. Picture the pile of clothes in your room. Where is the first thing that you put on the floor now? Principles used to determine relative order of geological events:

7. 2. The law of cross-cutting relationships – anything that cuts across layers of rock is younger than the rocks that it has intruded into. This applies to faults and igneous intrusions. Igneous rock cuts earlier layering Rock formed first

8. Which statement is true? A B C D E 1.D crosscuts B 2. D crosscuts C 3. C crosscuts D 4. B was deposited before E

9. 3. The law of included fragments - the fragments that make up a rock are older than the entire sample.

10. 4. Original Horizontality- Rocks are usually deposited flat and level.

11. 5. The Law of Folds or Tilts: Folds and tilts in rocks are younger than the rocks themselves.

13. Other Guidelines for figuring out a sequence: Sedimentary rocks are usually formed under water. Weathering and erosion usually happen above water (on dry land). Contact metamorphism (“igneous intrusion”) shows that the rock that was changed was there first when the intrusion happened.

14. Now sequence that stratigraphy!

15. Sequence 1: Uplift & Erosion 1. First limestone is deposited 2. Then sandstone is deposited 3. Then shale is deposited 4. Then the layers are uplifted 5. Lastly, erosion takes place

16. Sequence 2

17. Sequence 2: Faulting 1. First, limestone is deposited 2. Then sandstone is deposited 3. Next shale is deposited 4. Then faulting occurs

18. Sequence 3

19. Sequence 3: Folding 1. First limestone is deposited 2. Then sandstone is deposited 3. Next shale is deposited 4. Lastly folding occurs

20. Sequence 4

21. Sequence 4: Igneous Intrusion 1. Limestone deposited 2. Sandstone deposited 3. Shale deposited 4. Igneous Intrusion Note: contact metamorphism is the same event as the intrusion.

23. What is an Unconformity?Unconformity A buried erosional surface. Look for a “wavy” line that is buried beneath the surface (indicates that at one time this layer was at the surface and weathering and erosion took place).

24. Layers are formed according to superposition. Formation of an unconformity

25. Something happens to uplift the area (folding, faulting, etc.)

26. Erosion wears away the uppermost layers

27. Area submerges and deposition begins again. Here’s the unconformity