Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Nucleus Nucleolus Ribosomes Rough E.R. Smooth E.R. Plasma Membrane Golgi Apparatus Mitochondria Vacuole Lysosome

The Plasma Membrane of cells are made up of a PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER Hydrophilic Head Hydrophobic Tails “water-loving” “water-fearing” PHOSPHOLIPID

The Plasma Membrane of cells also have PROTEINS and CHOLESTEROL Help movement across the membrane Detect materials outside the cell Help keep the membrane fluid and wavy

___IN___ Nutrients - sugars (glucose) - proteins - fats Salts O2O2 H2OH2O ___OUT___ Waste - ammonia - salts - CO 2 Products - Proteins H2O

INSIDE OUTSIDE Uncharged smaller particles can pass through the membrane Charged particles (+/-) or large particles cannot LIPIDS O2 CO2 SALT +/- WASTES STARCH GLUCOSE

Large and/or charged particles must use Transport Proteins or Protein Channels to pass through the plasma membrane

Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Simple Diffusion vs. Facilitated Diffusion Move from HIGH to LOW through a transport protein Move from HIGH to LOW directly through the lipid bilayer Passive Transport: diffusion occurs down the Concentration Gradient

Sometimes, transport needs to occur AGAINST the Concentration Gradient Example: Glucose Cells must use ACTIVE TRANSPORT to go against the gradient

Active Transport uses ATP Energy to push materials from LOW to HIGH concentration

Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Passive Transport Active Transport

How does endocytosis and exocytosis work?