Basic Energy Sciences Science for Energy Technology Strengthening the Link between Basic Science and Industry George Crabtree Argonne National Laboratory Alexis Malozemoff American Superconductor Corporation Co-chairs BESAC Meeting March 2, 2010 Bethesda, MD Outline Why reach out to industry? Relationship of BES to industry The Workshop Highlights of the Concept Report Discussion

Basic Energy Sciences Brinkman’s Charge 1.Summarize the science themes that emerged from the BESAC reports Basic Research Needs for a Secure Energy Future and the follow-on BES Basic Research Needs topical reports with an emphasis on the needs of the more applied energy technologies. Identify grand challenge science drivers that are likely to have an impact in the energy arena in the near term. 2.Identify how the suite of BES-supported and -managed scientific user facilities can impact basic and applied research on energy. 3.Identify other major impediments to successful achievement and implementation of transformative energy technologies, including potential deficits in human capital and workforce development, and possible solutions to these problems.

Basic Energy Sciences Co-chairs: George Crabtree (Argonne National Laboratory) Alexis Malozemoff (American Superconductor Corporation) Simon Bare* (UOP LLC), Kurt Edsinger (EPRI), Richard Esposito (Southern Company), Charles Gay (Applied Materials, Inc.), Lori Greene (U. California, Irvine), John Hemminger # (U. California, Irvine), Marc Kastner (MIT), Bernd Keller (Cree), Patrick Looney (Brookhaven National Laboratory), Celia Merzbacher (Semiconductor Research Corp.), Omkaram Nalamasu (Applied Materials, Inc.), Gregory Powers (Verenium), Bart Riley (A123 Systems), John Sarrao (Los Alamos National Laboratory), Thomas Schneider (NREL) * Member of BESAC # Ex Officio, Chair of BESAC Subcommittee on Science for Energy Technology

Basic Energy Sciences Workshop on Science for Energy Technology Jan 18-21, 2010 Panel 1. Solar energy – Coordinator Charles Gay, Advanced Materials Panel 2. Advanced Nuclear Technologies - Coordinator Kurt Edsinger, EPRI Panel 3. Carbon Sequestration – Coordinator Richard Esposito, Southern Co. Panel 4. Electricity Storage – Coordinator Bart Riley, A123 Systems Panel 5. Electricity Delivery – Coordinator Thomas Schneider, NREL Panel 6. Advanced Lighting - Coordinator: Bernd Keller, Cree Panel 7. Biofuels – Coordinator Gregory Powers, Verenium Panel 8. Efficient Energy Generation and Use - Coordinator: Om Nalamasu, Advanced Materials Panel 9. DOE User Facilities – Coordinator Simon Bare, UOP Generalists: John Sarrao, Pat Looney, Marc Kastner, Celia Merzbacher, Lori Greene

Basic Energy Sciences Two Reports Concept report ~ 15 pages For wide distribution to decision makers in Congress, Administration, agencies, energy community Inspiring, exciting, high level Limited number of high level actionable items Full report ~ 150 pages For Office of Science, technically savvy industrial and scientific communities More detailed recommendations and actionable items

Basic Energy Sciences Why Reach Out to Industry? Technical motivation Clean energy technologies operate far below their theoretical potential e. g. Commercial PV at ~20% vs. combined cycle gas turbines ~60% Roadblock is basic science understanding of materials, chemistry and energy conversion at nanoscale Basic science understanding leads directly to industrial performance innovations

Basic Energy Sciences Why Reach Out to Industry? Societal motivation The traditional economic driver – consumer spending leading to GDP and jobs growth – has paused or structurally declined Addressing national energy needs and exporting clean energy technologies to the developing and developed world builds a reliable and enduring new economic foundation Basic science supporting industry will enable and accelerate the new economic foundation

Basic Energy Sciences Why Reach Out to Industry? Urgency Other countries striving to take the lead in establishing clean energy technology – Europe and Asia Other parts of the US R&D enterprise starting to move into the science-to-industry space - but BES is best positioned to address the need - an opportunity to augment the role of BES The window of opportunity is short

Basic Energy Sciences Relationship of BES to Industry

Basic Energy Sciences Panel 1: Solar Electricity Coordinator: Charles Gay, Applied Solar Fundamentals of Materials and Interfaces in Photovoltaics Advanced Photovoltaic Analysis and Computational Modeling for Up-scaling Photovoltaic Lifetime and Degradation Science Panel 2: Advanced Nuclear Energy Coordinator: Kurt Edsinger, EPRI Materials Degradation Mechanisms Advanced Irradiation Effects Scaling Back End of the Fuel Cycle Panel 3: Carbon Sequestration Coordinator: Richard Esposito, Southern Co. Extraction of High Resolution Information from Subsurface Imaging and Modeling Understanding Multi-scale Dynamics of Flow and Plume Migration Understanding Millennium Timescale Processes from Short Timescale Experimentation Panel 4: Electricity Storage Coordinator :Bart Riley, A123 Systems Identification and Development of New Materials Invention of New Architectures for Energy Storage Understanding and Controlling Heterogeneous Interfaces Identification and Development of New Tools SciTech Workshop Priority Research Directions Panel 5: Electric Power Grid Technologies Coordinator: Thomas Schneider, NREL Power Electronic Materials High Power Superconductors Electric Insulating and Dielectric Materials Electrical Conductors Panel 6: Advanced Solid State Lighting Coordinator: Bernd Keller, Cree White Light Emission Through Wavelength Conversion High Efficiency Emission at High Current Density and Temperature Organic Light Emitting Diode Materials and Structures Panel 7: Biofuels Coordinator: Gregory Powers, Verenium Diversity of Biomass and Its Intermediates in the Manufacture of Biofuels Mass Transport Phenomena in Conversion of Biomass to Biofuels Biomass Catalyst Discovery, Characterization and Performance Panel 8: Efficient Energy Generation and Use Coordinator: Om Nalamasu, Applied Materials Enabling Materials Technologies for Renewable Power Fuel Cell Materials Understanding and Discovery Dynamic Optical and Thermal Properties of Building Envelopes

Basic Energy Sciences Report Highlights Transformational near term research is not an oxymoron Industry sees the value of basic science BRN’s already identified two kinds of science contributions to energy 1. “Supernovas” – breakthroughs that change technical landscape - high temperature superconductivity in Understanding and ultimately controlling existing phenomena - complex materials and chemistry at the nanoscale - mechanisms of “droop” in high current solid state lighting - development of carbon sequestration plumes - conversion among photons, electrons and chemical bonds SciTech PRDs focused on near-term industry impact - Echo many BRN PRDs - Emphasize sustained building of scientific knowledge base underlying technology (category 2 above) - Like Moore’s Law: series of incremental breakthroughs changes the game

Basic Energy Sciences Develop foundational scientific understanding of at-scale production challenges in existing materials and processes - Identify mechanisms for factor of two efficiency loss in full-scale solar cells over laboratory versions Beyond empiricism: fundamental understanding of lifetime prediction of materials in extreme environments, especially ageing, degradation and failure - Degradation mechanisms under the extreme irradiation, thermal, and corrosive conditions of nuclear reactors Discovery of new materials or chemical processes with targeted functionality - Modeling frameworks to predict performance of new biomass conversion catalysts Three Overarching Themes

Basic Energy Sciences Three Crosscutting Needs New materials by design with specific properties or functionalities Numerical modeling Science of synthesis Characterization of outcomes Interfaces: understand, predict and control optical, electrical, mechanical and chemical behavior solar cells, radiation hard materials, carbon dioxide reactivity and migration, battery and fuel cell electrodes Dynamic behavior away from equilibrium Chemical reaction kinetics, degradation and failure modes of materials, current flow in electric grid

Basic Energy Sciences BES User Facilities unique resources structure spectroscopy imaging nanoscale synthesis and characterization

Basic Energy Sciences User Facilities Facilities could more fully support clean energy science and specifically industrial energy science Example: structural biology receives special accommodation Proposal review solving basic science roadblocks to clean energy technology uniqueness of facility for proposed experiment industrial scientists on review teams Quick response projects, for academic, national lab and industry users Reach out to industry Seek industrial advice – members of advisory boards Facility directors and senior managers seek industry interaction Portal for industry that attracts users, provides special support Incentivize support staff to engage industry users

Basic Energy Sciences Barriers and Solutions Communication Barrier: differing objectives and styles Workshop: a promising opening Need to reach out: advisory boards, personal relationships Collaboration Find challenges that exploit basic science to advance industrial performance Expand work on SciTech PRDs Funding incentive / mechanism needed to promote collaboration Consortia for common problems Academia-national laboratory-industry exchange programs Intellectual property needs case by case solution – and recognition of the legitimate needs of both sides Workforce Collaborative research projects Student and postdoctoral internships in industry Exchange visits across university-national labs-industry

Basic Energy Sciences Questions for Discussion Are these the right messages? Are the messages coming through? How do we follow up? Workshops to update or develop the PRDs Communication initiatives Collaborative incentives and mechanisms