APOLLO SPACECRAFT Daniel McCaffery Jeff Robinson Kyle Smith Jason Tang Brad Thompson

Project Apollo  The national effort that enabled Astronaut Neil Armstrong to speak those words as he stepped onto the lunar surface, fulfilled a dream as old as humanity.  But Project Apollo's goals went beyond landing Americans on the Moon and returning them safely to Earth: To establish the technology to meet other national interests in spaceTo establish the technology to meet other national interests in space To achieve preeminence in space for the United StatesTo achieve preeminence in space for the United States To carry out a program of scientific exploration of the MoonTo carry out a program of scientific exploration of the Moon To develop man's capability to work in the lunar environmentTo develop man's capability to work in the lunar environment "That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”

Design Overview  Apollo was a three-part spacecraft: the command module (CM) - the crew's quarters and flight control sectionthe command module (CM) - the crew's quarters and flight control section the service module (SM) - for the propulsion and spacecraft support systems (when together, the two modules are called CSM)the service module (SM) - for the propulsion and spacecraft support systems (when together, the two modules are called CSM) the lunar module (LM) - to take two of the crew to the lunar surface, support them on the Moon, and return them to the CSM in lunar orbit.the lunar module (LM) - to take two of the crew to the lunar surface, support them on the Moon, and return them to the CSM in lunar orbit.  The flight mode, lunar orbit rendezvous, was selected in The boosters for the program were the Saturn IB for Earth orbit flights and the Saturn V for lunar flights.

The Rocket  The Saturn V Rocket  364 Feet Tall Empty weight: 525,500 poundsEmpty weight: 525,500 pounds Full weight: 6,100,000 poundsFull weight: 6,100,000 pounds  LES Motor 8,910 pounds Serves as an abort mechanism Serves to protect the CM in Launch from Aerodynamic heat  Re-configuration

The Launch  Three Stages Stage 1Stage 1  Five engines  7.5 million pounds of thrust Stage 2Stage 2  Burns 450 tons of fuel in less than 7 minutes  200,000 pounds of thrust Stage 3 – S-IVBStage 3 – S-IVB  One engine  Burns 230,000 pounds in just over 7 minutes.

Extraction

Service Module  Size and Weight 51,243 lbs51,243 lbs 24’ 6” tall24’ 6” tall Diameter = 12’ 10”Diameter = 12’ 10”  Functions Attitude controlAttitude control House hardwareHouse hardware

Command Module  Holds all three astronauts  11 feet 5 inches high, base diameter of 12 feet 10 inches  Weighs 12,250 lbs  Bulkhead Ranges in thickness from 0.25” to 1.5”Ranges in thickness from 0.25” to 1.5”  On Board Computer 1 MHz1 MHz 36K Memory36K Memory 2000 Watts2000 Watts  Heat Shield Ranges in thickness from 0.7” to 2.7”Ranges in thickness from 0.7” to 2.7”  Heat shield protects spacecraft from heat built up during re-entry  Multiple onboard systems  Hatch changed after Apollo I

Command Module  Tunnel connects Command Module to Lunar Module Allows astronauts to go between modulesAllows astronauts to go between modules 32 inches in diameter32 inches in diameter Made of sheet- aluminum honeycomb only 1/4 inch thickMade of sheet- aluminum honeycomb only 1/4 inch thick

Lunar Module  Made only for operations near or on Moon (no heat shield)  Made up of two stages (Ascent Stage/Descent Stage)  First flight: January 22, 1968  9 manned flights, the first on March 3, 1969  Prime contractor was Grumman Aerospace  Cost $50 million

Lunar Module  22 feet 11 inches high, 31 feet wide  Weight is between 33,000 and 34,000 lbs  Made up of two separate stages, attached with explosive bolts  Covered in Mylar and aluminum thermal and micrometeoroid shields  Both stages are together when landing on the Moon

Ascent and Descent Stage  Ascent Stage Three compartments (235 cubic feet of cabin volume)Three compartments (235 cubic feet of cabin volume) 12 feet 4 inches high, 14 feet 1 inch in diameter12 feet 4 inches high, 14 feet 1 inch in diameter Used to bring astronauts back from Moon to Command ModuleUsed to bring astronauts back from Moon to Command Module  Descent Stage 10 feet 7 inches tall, 14 feet 1 inch in diameter10 feet 7 inches tall, 14 feet 1 inch in diameter Four landing legs support lunar moduleFour landing legs support lunar module 36-inch footpads with sensing probes36-inch footpads with sensing probes

Propulsion System  Descent Stage Engine Used for "braking" and landing on the moonUsed for "braking" and landing on the moon Throttleable between 1,050 and 6,300 lbs (max. thrust of 9,870 lbs)Throttleable between 1,050 and 6,300 lbs (max. thrust of 9,870 lbs) Can be gimbaled six degrees in any directionCan be gimbaled six degrees in any direction  Ascent Stage Engine Used to bring spacecraft back to Command ModuleUsed to bring spacecraft back to Command Module Fires once separation is completedFires once separation is completed Full throttle only, cannot be gimbaledFull throttle only, cannot be gimbaled Thrust of 3,500 lbsThrust of 3,500 lbs  All propulsion systems use a helium-pressurized aerozine-50 and nitrogen tetroxide propellant  Reaction Control System (RCS) 4 sets of four 100-lb thrusters4 sets of four 100-lb thrusters Used for stabilization, attitude control, separationUsed for stabilization, attitude control, separation

Landing on the Moon  Lunar Module comes in at an angle, not straight down  Begins braking 260 nm before touchdown  Descends last 150 feet vertically at 3 ft/s

Exploring the Surface of the Moon  Ascension Engine uses hydrazine and dimethylhydrazine as fuelEngine uses hydrazine and dimethylhydrazine as fuel Nitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizerNitrogen tetroxide as an oxidizer 3500 pounds of thrust3500 pounds of thrust  Lunar Rover Carried in compartment added to bottom of descent stageCarried in compartment added to bottom of descent stage Allowed astronauts to traverse ~20 miles during stay on moon and explore more of surface.Allowed astronauts to traverse ~20 miles during stay on moon and explore more of surface.  Scientific Instrument Package Remote SensingRemote Sensing CMP uses it to survey the moon’s surface while in orbitCMP uses it to survey the moon’s surface while in orbit

Return  Engine lifts the upper part module and carries it back to lunar orbit  Lunar module rendezvous and docks with the command module  After astronauts and specimens are transferred to the CM, the CSM undocks from the LEM and left in lunar orbit  CSM once again fires main engine to break out of lunar orbit and put into return trajectory to Earth  CM separates from SM and re-enters atmosphere

Re-entry  Heat shield dissipates enough heat of re-entry to protect it and astronauts inside  24,000 ft from surface, heat shield releases and 2 drogue parachutes deploys to orient and slows down module  After that, 3 main parachutes deploys to land module safely in the ocean

Achievements  Apollo 1: Fire on launch pad killed all three astronauts  Apollo 2-6: Unmanned  Apollo 7: Demonstrated the viability of the CSM to make it to the moon, and the ability to rendezvous with the lunar lander  Apollo 8: Photographed landing sights, Demonstrated translunar injection, and communication and navigation during lunar orbit  Apollo 9: First Apollo manned docking, Demonstrated intervehicular crew transfer  Apollo 10: Simulation of lunar landing while in lunar orbit. Lunar Module taken to within 50,000 feet of lunar surface  Apollo 11: Landed on the moon and brought crew back successfully  Apollo 12: Deployed Apollo Lunar Surface Experiment Package, precision landing made using automatic guidance  Apollo 13: No lunar landing due to rupture of service module oxygen tank. Gained experience in crew rescue  Apollo 14: Lunar surface and lunar orbit science experiments  Apollo 15: First use of the lunar rover  Apollo 16: First study of highlands area  Apollo 17: Last moon landing, geological surveying  Apollo-Soyuz: First docking of spacecraft built by different nations

After Lunar Missions  Skylab America’s first experimental space station, it conducted study of the sun and research into human adaptability to long-term zero-g exposureAmerica’s first experimental space station, it conducted study of the sun and research into human adaptability to long-term zero-g exposure