Kin selection. actor +- + cooperativealtruistic - selfishspiteful recipient Individual interaction behaviors.

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Presentation transcript:

Kin selection

actor +- + cooperativealtruistic - selfishspiteful recipient Individual interaction behaviors

altruism presented a “special difficulty, which at first appeared to me insuperable, and actually fatal to my whole theory.” Darwin 1859

‘Altruisitc’ interactions Manipulation Individual advantage Reciprocal altruism Kin selection

Manipulation nest parasitism brown headed cowbird

Individual advantage fish schooling selfish herd

Reciprocal altruism can evolve only under a restricted set of conditions A will help B, if B will help A in the future Need: -repeated interactions -individual recognition Reciprocal altruism grooming

Vampire bats reciprocate by sharing blood meals. They usually share with close relatives or non-relatives who are roostmates and may later reciprocate Reciprocal altruism

Most alleles favored by kin selection rise to high frequency by inducing altruism toward individuals likely to be carrying copies of the same allele Selection can favor making sacrifices for kin; it should also favor avoiding sacrifices for non-kin Kin selection

Inclusive fitness consists of direct fitness due to personal reproduction and indirect fitness due to additional reproduction by relatives Inclusive fitness = direct fitness + indirect fitness Behavior that results in indirect fitness gains is favored by kin selection Inclusive fitness

0.5 Coefficient of relatedness parent-child = 0.5 full siblings half siblings grandparent - grandchild x 0.5 x 0.5 = cousins

Helpers gain indirect fitness benefits because they are very closely related to their siblings Helpers at the nest Florida scrub jay

Helpers at the nest White-fronted bee-eater

Helpers at the nest White-fronted bee-eater

Alarm calling Belding’s ground squirrels

Alarm calling Belding’s ground squirrels

Alarm calling Meerkat sentinels Science, June , 284: 1585

Cannibalistic tadpoles Spadefoot toad tadpoles omnivorous morph carnivorous morph

Parents maximize their fitness by investing in all of their offspring equally Offspring, in contrast, maximize their fitness by receiving more parental investment than their siblings

Siblicide may increase the fitness of parents as well as the siblicidal offspring if the offspring that is killed is likely to die anyway Siblicide

Siblicide - adelphophagy Sand tiger shark Intra-uterine embryonic cannibalism

Eusociality

3 characteristics: overlap in generations between parents & offspring cooperative brood care specialized castes of non-reproductive individuals

In haplodiploid species females are more closely related to their sisters than they are to their own offspring (0.5 x 0.5) + (1 x 0.5) = 0.75 sisters mother diploid father haploid (0.5 x 0.5) = 0.25 brothers Eusociality

haplodiploidy does not completely explain the evolution of eusociality many eusocial species are not haplodiploid many haplodiploid species are not eusocial

Eusociality naked mole rats