1. Sexual Selection Mating Preferences Sex that invests the most is the most choosy about mates Competition for the best mates of the opposite sex Jealousy, Desertion, Cuckoldry Certainty of Maternity, uncertainty of paternity Epigamic selection (intersexual, between the sexes) “Battle of the sexes” Natural selection produces a correlation between male genetic quality and female preference “Sexy son” phenomenon (females cannot afford to mate with males that are not attractive to other females)

2. Mating Systems Promiscuity Monogamy Polygamy Polygyny Polyandry Polygyny threshold: minimal difference in male territory quality that is sufficient to favor bigamous matings by females Long-billed Marsh Wren

6. etzel puted to be morphic

7. Leks Runaway Sexual Selection (Fisher) Handicap Hypothesis (Zahavi) Sensory Exploitation Hypothesis (Ryan) Alternative mating tactics Internal versus External Fertilization Satellite males Ecological Sexual Dimorphisms Bower birds Ratites Bushland tinamou

10. Red-eyed Vireo

11. Four Possible Situations Involving an Individual’s Behavior and Its Influence on a Neighbor __________________________________________________________________ Neighbor(s) Gain Neighbor(s) Lose __________________________________________________________________ Individual Gains Pseudo-altruistic behaviorSelfish behavior (kin selection) (selected for) __________________________________________________________________ Individual Loses True altruistic behaviorMutually disadvanta- (counterselected) geous behavior (counterselected) _________________________________________________________________

12. W. D. Hamilton (1964) Kin Selection Inclusive Fitness Hamilton’s rule: r n b – c > 0 r = coefficient of relatedness n = number of relatives that benefit b = benefit received by each recipient c = cost suffered by donor r n b > c “Adaptive Geometry of a Selfish Herd”

13. Eusocial Insects Hymenoptera (“thin wings”) Ants, bees, wasps, hornets Workers are all females Haplodiploidly Isoptera (“same wings”) Termites (castes consist of both sexes) Endosymbionts Parental manipulation Cyclic inbreeding

14. White-Fronted Bee Eater, Kenya

15. Helpers at the Nest in White-Fronted Bee Eaters in Kenya __________________________________________________________________ Breedersr* Number of Cases % Cases __________________________________________________________________ Father x Mother0.578 44.8 Father x Stepmother0.2517 9.8 Mother x Stepfather0.2516 9.2 Son x Nonrelative0.2518 10.3 Brother x Nonrelative0.2512 6.9 Grandfather x Grandmother0.25 5 2.9 Half brother x Nonrelative0.13 3 1.7 Uncle x Nonrelative0.13 2 1.1 Grandmother x Nonrelative0.13 1 0.6 Grandson x Nonrelative0.13 1 0.6 Great grandfather x Nonrelative0.13 1 0.6 Nonrelative x Nonrelative0.0 20 11.5 Total174100.0 __________________________________________________________________ * r = coefficient of relatedness.