GRAPHITE Sait UYSAL Mining Professional Turkey

What is Graphite? Graphite is a natural form of carbon with the chemical formula C and is characterized by its hexagonal crystalline structure. It occurs naturally in metamorphic rocks such as marble, schist and gneiss 2

Graphite at A Glance The mineral graphite is one of the allotropes, and pure form of carbon. Allotropes of carbon are; - Graphite - Diamond - Coal Graphite is; - Excellent HEAT conductor - Excellent ELECTRICITY conductor - Heat resistant (Melting Point 3927 C°) - Chemical and Corrosion resistant - Resistant to acids and oxidising agents - Lubricating

Types of Graphite

Applications By Graphite Type

Natural Graphite Consumption

Why Graphite is; Hot Critical Strategic?

1. Supply Side Problem China Producing 80% of world natural graphite China has a 20% export duty and 17% VAT on graphite, Factories is closed in Hunan Province, creating a government-sponsored monopoly on amorphous graphite resources Other Countries: Brazil, North Korea, Canada, Norway, Mexico, Ukraine, Sri Lanka, Madagascar

2. High Price

3. Raw Material Security – Critical Materials

EU is up to 95% dependent on imports, mainly from China recycling is very limited

BGS Industrial Minerals Risk List 2012

4. Growing Demand and Technology 3-5% Annual growth rate of Traditional demand Discovery of Graphene Lithium-ion batteries&Fuel cells –EV, E-Bike, HEV Nuclear technology – Pebble Bed Reactors Plastics and composite frames (Boeing Co.'s new Dreamliner) Solar Energy Industrialization and Urbanization of China, India and emerging economies

Li-ion Batteries – Fuel Cells The growth of electric cars, bikes and scooters, all rely on Li-ion batteries and fuel cells 10 times more graphite than Li (by weight) to make Li ion batteries In an electric car battery 1.8 kg graphite /per kilowatt hour (KWh) needed. For an EV Kg natural graphite is used for battery

Source:Byron Capital

Risks ??? Price Risks; What if China increase production? Prices is Today prices if you have a product to sell today you can benefit it Graphene; 5 to 10 year needed for commercial production Projects; in the Pipeline are Flake Graphite, Amorphous Graphite??? Demand; current demand coming from traditional uses, demand of new technologies could be over estimated Sensitive Projects; Not all of the projects will end up becoming mines, High production costs, high grade aimed. Environmental problems of high grade production. 70% loss of high grade processes, equity sharing projects

Risks ??? EV – Li-ion Batteries; Expensive, not user friendly, it needs time EV markets are; Japan, USA, EU – Developed countries. Recycling could be possible

Graphite in Turkey Majority of the graphite occurrences in Turkey is mainly “amorphous” type. A graphite occurrence around Balikesir city (West part of Turkey) has bigger crystalline structure. Most promising, most graphitized and high Carbon contented graphite mineralization explored in Balikesir, Yozgat, Konya, Kastamonu and Adıyaman cities. Occurrences in other places like Kutahya, Mugla, Bandirma is mostly semi graphite

Graphite Mineralizations Map of Turkey

Production in Turkey March

Production in Turkey March

Conclusion Graphite demand will increase even there could be some price fluctuations Whichever company moves ahead the quickest will do the best New applications and technology will drive the demand but will take time Low cost projects are important Turkey has undiscovered, undeveloped potential and low cost production opportunites, and European market is next to it