McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Cost Accounting Chapter 20

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Learning objectives 1.Process Operation 2.Process Cost Accounting 3.Equivalent Units of Production 4.Process Costing Illustration – GenX Company 5.Hybrid Costing System 6.Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Used for production of small, identical, low-cost items. Mass produced in automated continuous production process. Costs cannot be directly traced to each unit of product. Used for production of small, identical, low-cost items. Mass produced in automated continuous production process. Costs cannot be directly traced to each unit of product. 1. Process Manufacturing Operations

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Job Order Systems  Custom orders  Heterogeneous products  Low production volume  High product flexibility  Low to medium standardization Job Order Systems  Custom orders  Heterogeneous products  Low production volume  High product flexibility  Low to medium standardization Process Systems  Repetitive operations  Homogeneous products  High production volume  Low product flexibility  High standardization Process Systems  Repetitive operations  Homogeneous products  High production volume  Low product flexibility  High standardization 1.Process Operation - Comparing Job Order & Process Production Exh. 20-2

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Direct Materials Finished Goods Cost per unit for each job Direct Labor Factory Overhead Jobs The Goods in Process account consists of individual jobs in a job order system. 2. Process Cost Accounting - Comparing Job Order & Process Production

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Direct Materials Finished Goods Direct Labor Factory Overhead Processes The Goods in Process account consists of specific processes in a process cost system. Cost per unit processed 2. Process Cost Accounting - Comparing Job Order & Process Production

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Same objective: to determine the cost of products Same inventory accounts: raw materials, work in process, and finished goods Same overhead assignment method: predetermined rate times actual activity 2. Process Cost Accounting - Job and Process Costing Similarities

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Costs are accumulated for a period of time by process or department. Unit cost is computed by dividing the accumulated costs by the number of equivalent units produced in the period. 3. Equivalent Units of Production

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Equivalent units is a concept expressing a number of partially completed units as a smaller number of fully completed units. Two one-half full pitchers are equivalent to one full pitcher. + = Equivalent Units of Production

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., For the current period, PencilCo started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did PencilCo have for the period? a.10,000 b.11,500 c. 1,500 d. 15,000 For the current period, PencilCo started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did PencilCo have for the period? a.10,000 b.11,500 c. 1,500 d. 15,000 Question

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., For the current period, PencilCo started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did PencilCo have for the period? a.10,000 b.11,500 c. 1,500 d. 15,000 For the current period, PencilCo started 15,000 units and completed 10,000 units, leaving 5,000 units in process 30 percent complete. How many equivalent units of production did PencilCo have for the period? a.10,000 b.11,500 c. 1,500 d. 15,000 10,000 units + (5,000 units ×.30) = 11,500 equivalent units Question

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Cost per equivalent unit = Product costs for the period Equivalent units for the period Cost Per Equivalent Unit

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Now assume that PencilCo incurred $27,600 in production costs. What was PencilCo’s cost per unit for the period? a.$1.84 b.$2.40 c.$2.76 d.$2.90 Now assume that PencilCo incurred $27,600 in production costs. What was PencilCo’s cost per unit for the period? a.$1.84 b.$2.40 c.$2.76 d.$2.90 Question

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Now assume that PencilCo incurred $27,600 in production costs. What was PencilCo’s cost per unit for the period? a.$1.84 b.$2.40 c.$2.76 d.$2.90 Now assume that PencilCo incurred $27,600 in production costs. What was PencilCo’s cost per unit for the period? a.$1.84 b.$2.40 c.$2.76 d.$2.90 $27,600 ÷ 11,500 equivalent units = $2.40 per equivalent unit Question

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Equivalent units may be different for material and labor and overhead at different stages of a process. At completion of Stage 1 of the process, material is 40% complete, but labor and overhead are only 25% complete. Stage 1 40% of Material 25% of Labor and Overhead Equivalent Units

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Stage 2 25% of Labor and Overhead 60% of Material Stage 1 40% of Material 25% of Labor and Overhead + + = = 100% 50% Equivalent Units

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Stage 3 50% of Labor and Overhead The process is now complete. Stage 2 25% of Labor and Overhead 60% of Material Stage 1 40% of Material 25% of Labor and Overhead Equivalent Units

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., GenX makes a product called Profen in two departments, Grinding (G) and Mixing (M). 4. Process Manufacturing Operations - GenX Example

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Goods in Process Grinding Labor Materials Indirect Factory Overhead Direct Delivered to Customers Goods in Process Mixing Finished Goods Applied Overhead Process Manufacturing Operations GenX Exh. 20-5

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Let’s look at actual units processed and actual costs incurred for GenX. Accounting for GenX

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Accounting for GenX Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh. 21-5B Accounting for GenX Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., GenX uses a FIFO cost flow system with the following four steps:  Physical flow of units.  Computing equivalent units of production.  Computing cost per equivalent unit.  Cost reconciliation. GenX uses a FIFO cost flow system with the following four steps:  Physical flow of units.  Computing equivalent units of production.  Computing cost per equivalent unit.  Cost reconciliation. Accounting for GenX

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,  Physical Flow of Units Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,  Computing Equivalent Units of Production Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., } 100, ,000 units transferred from grinding to mixing.  Computing Equivalent Units of Production Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Since materials are added at the beginning of the process in Grinding, no additional materials are necessary to complete the beginning inventory.  Computing Equivalent Units of Production Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,  Computing Equivalent Units of Production Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., } 100,000 Transferred  Computing Equivalent Units of Production Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Since labor and overhead were 33 1 / 3 percent complete in the beginning inventory, 66 2 / 3 percent of the work must be completed in April.  Computing Equivalent Units of Production Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,  Computing Equivalent Units of Production Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.,  Computing Equivalent Units of Production Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., In the cost reconciliation, we will account for all costs incurred by assigning unit costs to the: A. 100,000 units transferred from grinding to mixing. B. 20,000 units remaining in ending inventory. In the cost reconciliation, we will account for all costs incurred by assigning unit costs to the: A. 100,000 units transferred from grinding to mixing. B. 20,000 units remaining in ending inventory.  Cost Reconciliation

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Cost Summary Helps managers control their departments. Provides cost information for financial statements. Shows the flow of units and costs through work in process. Helps factory managers evaluate department manager performance.

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., We will illustrate the process cost summary for the Grinding Department of GenX in three sections: Costs charged to department. Equivalent unit processing costs. Assignment of costs to output of department. We will illustrate the process cost summary for the Grinding Department of GenX in three sections: Costs charged to department. Equivalent unit processing costs. Assignment of costs to output of department. Process Cost Summary

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Cost Summary Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Current period unit costs Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Total costs transferred to Mixing $6,350 + $15,050 = $21,400 Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Total costs transferred to Mixing $6,350 + $15,050 = $21,400 $21,400 ÷ 100,000 units transferred = $0.214 Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., These unit costs differ because the $0.214 contains costs incurred in March that differed in amount from costs incurred in April. Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Accounting for GenX Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Material, labor and overhead are added at the same rate in Mixing. Accounting for GenX Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., GenX Mixing Department Equivalent Units of Production Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., percent added to complete the units in beginning inventory. GenX Mixing Department Equivalent Units of Production Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Cost Summary Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Total costs transferred to Finished Goods $4,480 + $24,990 = $29,470 Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Total costs transferred to Finished Goods $4,480 + $24,990 = $29,470 Unit cost = $29,470 ÷ 101,000 units transferred = $ (rounded) Exh

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Hybrid costing systems contain features of both job order and process operations. Job Order Costing Process Costing Hybrid Costing Material costs are accounted for using a job order system. Conversion costs are accounted for using a process system. 5. Hybrid Costing Systems

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Let’s look at the accounting journal entries for a process cost system. We’ll omit the numbers so that we can focus on accounts. 6. Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., Process Costing Typical Accounting Entries

McGraw-Hill/Irwin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., End of Chapter 20