ANSC

 Define basic animal health terminology  Begin to Outline basic procedures for receiving and evaluating ill animals

 Unit EQ: Why is it important to evaluate animal health? Concept : Common Ailments Lesson EQ: What can effect animal health Vocab Disease, Chronic, Parasite, Fomite Concept : Healthy Animals Lesson EQ: What are the general signs of a healthy animal? Vocab Vital Sign, CRT, BPM Concept : Exams Lesson EQ: What are the six areas that help evaluate animal health? Vocab Gait, Immune, System, Antibody, Luster

 What are the six areas that help evaluate animal health?

 HEALTHY: Free of Disease  What affects health? Environment Diet Age What does healthy look like?

 Joints  Body Condition  Immune System Response  Dental Health  Healthy Skin and Coat  Digestion System

 The points of connection between two bones or elements of a skeleton allowing for motion to occur  Joints should be limber  No clicking or locking  Can move from a sit to a stand easily  Gait has proper flow  Animal does not express pain during reflex and flexibility tests

 An assessment of the animal's weight for : age, weight and height ratios, and its relative proportions of muscle and fat

 The body system, made up of many organs and cells, that defends the body against infection

 Keeping the mouth, gums and teeth in good condition to prevent tooth decay and gum disease

 Free of Dandruff  Even Shine = Luster  Oil Concentration Normal  Hydrated!! Pull Test  Taking the skin on the back of your hand pinch between your index and thumb and pull up. Upon release skin should snap back = HYDRATED  Not loosing excess hair No Bald spots

 Food should pass within a reasonable amount of time  Show no pain or trouble passing urine and feces  Feces should be solid and brown-dark brown in color NO BLOOD IN THE STOOL OR URINE

 Joints  Gait  Body Condition  Immune System  Antibody  Luster (referring to animal coats)

Activity  Draw a cat or a dog on a poster paper Outline the important areas to check for animal health Example

 Continue working on your projects.  Remember How is your disease transferred? What causes your disease? Is your disease parasitic? Bacterial? What can be done to prevent your disease? What are the clinical signs of your disease? How is your disease detected?

ANSC 3

 List and describe the characteristics of a healthy dog

 What are 3 signs of a healthy dog?

The Breakdown 1. Visual 2. Touch 3. Vital Signs

Visual Inspection  Eyes should be clear  Nose should have no discharge  Dog should appear alert  Movement and Gait

Touch Inspection  Feeling along the spine, hips, legs, and around the stomach allows for any lesions to be noticed under fur

Vital Signs of the Dog  CRT – Capillary Refill time  Heart Rate : Beats per minute Located femoral artery Count number of pulses in a 15 second time span Times this number by ______?? This will give you the heart rate or BPM Normal Heart Rates   180 Small Breeds  180 for Puppies

Vital Signs  Respiration Rate: Breaths per minute Have the dog lie on the floor Count the number of times the chest rises within a 15 second window Times this number by 4 to get…… Respiration rate or breaths per minute Normal Rates:  10 to 30 breaths per minute

Vital Signs  Temperature- core body temperature good indicator of illness  Lift the dog’s tail  Apply Vaseline to the thermometer  Place thermometer in the rectum Be sure not the touch the wall!!  Wait 1 to 2 minutes  Normal Temps: F

 Continue working on your projects.  Remember How is your disease transferred? What causes your disease? Is your disease parasitic? Bacterial? What can be done to prevent your disease? What are the clinical signs of your disease? How is your disease detected? Define your vaccines and include photos of products used for treatment LAST DAY WORK ON PROJECTS!!!!

Vocabulary  CRT  BPM  Heart Rate  Temperature  Vital Sign  Respiration Rate

ANSC 3

Objectives  Define healthy characteristics in the domestic cat  Identify safety handling equipment for cat restraint

 What is the main goal of animal restraint?

 1. Visual Inspection  2. Touch Inspection  3. Vital Signs

 Same as the dog Visually observe for abnormal behavior and external injuries Rub hands along spin and down legs, check in the ears, look at the eyes to assess any unseen injuries

 All to prevent injury to the animal and others!

 CRT 1.5 seconds or less  Heart Rate / BPM 240 BPM maximum  Respiration Rate breaths per minute  Temperature F

ANSC 3 VOCABULARY YOU SHOULD KNOW!

Objectives  Review vocabulary commonly used in animal health

KOCH’S POSTULATES  Determine and define an infectious disease 1. The infectious disease should be detectable in sick animals not healthy animals 2. It should be possible to isolate and culture the organism 3.Organisms taken from the culture and introduced into a healthy animal cause disease in the healthy animal 4. The same organism should be isolated from this second animal.

Vaccines  How are they made? Take a weaken strain of the infectious agent and inject it into a healthy animal Healthy animal’s immune system will react creating antibodies against the agent Vaccine’s may need to be administered periodically  WHY DO YOU THINK THIS?

How Virus’ Work

Common Diseases  Strangles- Bacterial, usually affects young horses, anorexia, fever, nasal discharge, swollen lymph nodes  Kennel Cough- Viral, dry hacking cough, fever Can lead to secondary infections  E. coli- Bacterial, usually among young animals less than 2 weeks old severe diarrhea, dehydration, anorexia, may cause death !  Valley Fever- Fungal, most prevalent in the Southwest US, may infect the skin with lumps and abscesses  Roundworm- Parasites, Diarrhea, vomiting, potbellied appearance, dull coat, poor weight gain

Vocab- Health and Safety  Can you define these words? Please give brief definitions of the ones you know in your notes!  Fomite, Vector, Anemia, Systemic, Antimicrobial, Antiseptic, Disinfectants, Ventilation, Biosecurity, Quarantine, Virion, Virus, Host, Vaccine, Immunization, Contagious, Pandemic, Epidemic

ANSC 3

 Explore and identify common aliments among domestic animals

 DENTAL DISEASE  Causes:  Genetic malformation of the jaw  Inappropriate diet (inadequate amounts of abrasive materials)  Trauma to the jaw  Infection  Cancer  Signs:  Inability to eat or dropping food out of the mouth  Stops eating “hard” food items like carrots, pellets  Drooling (caused by pain from ulcerations on the inside of the mouth)  Visible overgrown teeth  Face wet from tears spilling onto face (elongated tooth roots can block tear ducts)  Gradual weight loss/small stool production

 Diagnosis:  Thorough examination of the mouth (anesthesia may be needed)  X-rays of the head (anesthesia required)  Treatment:  Correct the diet  Grind down overgrown teeth (anesthesia usually required)  Permanent removal of abnormal teeth  Medical therapy as needed to treat infected teeth or to control pain during healing

 WET TAIL  Causes: Stress induced Susceptibility is genetically inherited Bacterial infection or an imbalance of the natural bacteria in the hamster's stomach  Signs: Take 7 days to appear Severe diarrhea Unpleasant smell Walk hunched up, weak and lethargic and may squeal in pain

 Diagnosis: Droppings are pale in color and extremely soft and may contain mucus  Treatment: Antibiotics, anti-diarrheal medication Water through a dropper Keep warm and quiet Keep cage clean

 Malocclusion  “Wet Tail”

ANSC 3

 MITES  Cause: Ophionyssus natricis  Signs: Spend much more time soaking in their water bowl Dysecdysis (difficulty shedding) Mites can be seen floating in the water source

 Diagnosis: Mites are often most visible around the eyes, around the cloaca  Treatment: Keep environment clean to prevent egg laying Medicated soaks

 Fibrous Osteodystrophy- “Metabolic Bone Disease”  Causes: Improper diet  Reptiles require a calcium:phosphorus ratio of 1:1 to 2:1  Signs:  Tremors and twitches in the muscles of the legs and toes  Jerky gait when walking and moving around  Shaking while being held  Constipation, Anorexia, Lethargy,Weakness,Partial paralysis, Fractured bones

 Diagnosis: X-rays may be used to determine the amount of damage to the bones. Physical exam  Treatment: Mild cases are usually treated by a change in diet and husbandry Moderate to severe cases may require prescription strength calcium and phosphorus and hospitalization Deformities are normally permanent

 Mites  Metabolic Bone Disease

ANSC 3

 STRANGLES “Equine Distemper”  Causes: Respiratory infection of horses, donkeys and ponies caused by Streptococcus equi Spread when the nasal discharge or material from the draining abscess contaminates fomites  Fomite- inanimate object capable of carrying disease

 Signs: Fever Heavy nasal discharge Swollen or enlarged lymph nodes in the neck Dull ( lethargic) Decreased appetite  Diagnosis: Throat swabs Cultures of discharges  Treatment: Keep common areas clean Quarantine animals Penicillin

 Bovine Spongiforum encephalopathy –  Mad Cow Disease  Causes: Neurodegenerative disease Spread by ingestion of infected animal parts  Signs: Inability to stand, or walk

 Diagnosis: Clinical signs Brain biopsy after death  Treatment: Euthanasia Prevention: tightly regulated feeding of animal parts. No ruminants fed to ruminants

 Strangles  Fomite  BSE ( Mad Cow Disease )

ANSC 3

 Distemper  Causes: Viral  Signs: Gooey eye and nose discharge Fever (which often comes and goes unnoticed) Poor Appetite Coughing and the development of pneumonia Vomiting Seizures

 Diagnosis: Distemper Titers  Checks the level of antibodies  Treatment: Vaccines are available Prevention is best treatment Pneumonia can be treated with antibiotics

 Diabetes Mellitus  Causes: Obesity Genetic predisposition (diabetes is more prevalent in males) Poor nutrition Hormonal abnormalities Stress  Signs: weakness, increased thirst, frequent urination, rapid weight loss, depression and abdominal pain blindness due to cataract formation

 Diagnosis: Animals will fast and urine and blood tests will be taken to test blood sugar levels  Treatment: Insulin injections Diet management Exercise

 Hepatitis  Causes: Inflammation of the liver  Signs: lethargy, loss of appetite and diarrhea Bloating of the abdomen Jaundice  Diagnosis: Level of liver enzymes in the blood

 Treatment: supportive care, antibiotics, low-protein diets and sometimes immunosuppressants

 Distemper  Hepatitis

 Joints  Gait  Body Condition  Immune System  Antibody  Luster (referring to animal coats)  CRT  BPM  Heart Rate  Temperature  Vital Sign  Respiration Rate Malocclusion “Wet Tail” Mites Metabolic Bone Disease Strangles Fomite BSE ( Mad Cow Disease ) Distemper Hepatitis Koch’s Postulates

 Define your Vocab  Explain these diseases and know their categories Strangles_______ Kennel Cough_______ E. coli_______ Valley Fever_______ Roundworm _______  Briefly describe the procedure a vet tech would perform when a client (pet) enters the office showing signs of illness. How would the animal be inspected for illness?  If an animal within a herd is showing signs of illness, what steps including prevention and eradication should the farmer and surround agricultural community perform?  What is a vaccine made of? How does the body react to a vaccine? How does this result in immunity?  What are the general signs of a healthy animal?  Know one common disease and its symptoms for the following animal groups: Small Mammal, Reptiles, Dogs, Cats, Large Animals

Managing Diseases and Parasites

 When was the last time that you were sick?  How and why did you get infected?

 Discuss signs of good and bad animal health.  Identify diseases transmissible from animals to humans and humans to animals.  Describe common animal parasites and diseases.  List ways to prevent and treat diseases and parasites.

Vaccinating Ventilation Zoonoses

 I. Being able to recognize when your animals need medical attention is important to the business. Many diseases and parasites are treatable if caught early  Keep the sickness from spreading act quickly at the first signs.

A. Signs of good health include: 1. Contented animals look free from all anxiety. Some animals have specific signs  Pigs will curl their tails when they are content and sheep will stay quiet.

 A. Signs of good health include: 2. Normal feces and urine should be seen.  This will vary with diet and type of species 3. Body temperature, respiration, and pulse rate should be monitored because unusual highs and lows can be symptoms. 4. Alertness can be judged by checking if an animal perks its ears when you draw near. 5. The skin and coat of most animals should be oily and elastic like.

 A. Signs of good health include: 6. The animal’s eyes should be bright and their membranes pinkish. 7. One of the easiest things to notice is when an animal goes off feed.  All healthy animals should eat eagerly when fed and ruminants should be seen chewing their cud.

 1. When animals stray off by themselves and hold their head down it is a good sign that they are not well.  2. Lower production of milk is also not good.

 3. A rough-looking dull hair coat or skin that stays up when pinched are signs of poor health.  4. Discolored feces or urine can be obvious signs of trouble.

 5. Glassy eyes are sometimes a sign of poor health.  6. An animal that is difficult to get up and walks slowly may also indicate that something is wrong.

 II. Many diseases are passed between animals and humans. Modes of Transference  They are usually transferred by way of meat, milk, or eggs.  close contact is made  insects carrying them from animal to animal.

 Zoonoses are diseases that animals can transmit to humans.  Some of the diseases include: 1. Tuberculosis 2. Anthrax 3. Rabies 4. Brucellosis (Bangs) 5. Nine Mile Fever (Q Fever) 6. Parasites like Ringworm

 B. Three kinds of diseases are transferred from humans to animals.  Protozoa, bacterial, and viral infections are the three.

 Protozoa infections like the animal parasite that causes amoebic dysentery can be shared.  Bacterial infections like the streptococcus that causes scarlet fever in humans can be passed to an animal and then produce large problems when humans consume milk or other products.

 Viral infections are being researched closely for more shared ailments between humans and animals but we know that chimps can get common colds and dogs can get the mumps virus.

 III. There are some common diseases and parasites with specific symptoms.  Diseases can be contagious or non- contagious. Contagious diseases are diseases that can be passed from one animal to another. Non-contagious diseases are diseases that cannot be transferred from one animal to another.

 Important to determine what kind because contagious animals need to be separated to prevent spreading the disease.

 Contagious diseases are usually caused by bacteria or viruses.  They spread from animal to animal by simple contact or shared facilities.

 Diseases that are not contagious, like scurvy, are sometimes caused by a vitamin or mineral deficiency.  They may also be caused by ingestion of metal, poisonous plants or animals, or open wounds the animal may have.

 General symptoms specific to disease include: 1. Animal losing fetus 2. Shaking 3. Coughing 4. Poor growth or decrease in production 5. Rough coat

 Parasites can be internal or external.  Internal parasites are ones that live inside the animal like flukes and roundworms.  External parasites are ones that live outside the animal like fleas and flies.

 Symptoms of parasites may include: 1. Observing the parasite on an animal. 2. Diarrhea, worms in feces, or bloody feces. 3. Loss of weight. 4. Decreased production, growth, and reproduction.

 IV. Whenever possible prevention of disease should be done.  Ways to prevent diseases and parasites: Natural immunity- immunity to a specific disease is inherited from parent to offspring Species immunity- a disease that affects one species does not affect other species

 2. Vaccinating is injecting a disease organism that has been modified into an animal to prevent the animal from getting the disease later. Biologics are the medical preparations made from microorganisms and their products, like vaccinations and serums.

 3. Sanitation management is important to preventing diseases and parasites. Sanitation is the act of cleaning or sterilizing an area.

 4. Ventilation is also important to manage. Ventilation is causing air to move through a building.  5. Keep all housing facilities clean and use dry bedding.

 6. Disposal of manure is very important. If animals are made to live in their manure it will surely cause diseases to transfer rapidly because it is the optimal environment for diseases and parasites to thrive in.

 7. Using the same pasture for the same species over and over could be dangerous. Try to rotate animals to break a parasitic life cycle.  8. Always dispose of carcasses in a sanitary way.

 Drugs for treatment come in many forms like pills, powders, and liquids.  Before giving any medication, be sure to check if there is a milk or meat hold associated with the drug.

 2. There are many ways to inject drugs.  They are all named according to how they are injected. Intravenous means injected into the vein. Intramuscular means injected into a muscle. Subcutaneous means injected under the animals skin.

 Intradermal means injected between layers of skin.  Injections into an animals rumen are called intraruminal.  Injections given in the abdominal cavity are called intraperitoneal.

 4. Checking respiration and pulse can be done without any expensive equipment.  For respiration, simply watch how many times the animal breathes in 1 minute.  For pulse you can often hold your ear against the animal and listen for the heartbeat.

 5. Always restrain animals properly to prevent hurting the animal or yourself.  6. Certain ailments can be treated with little knowledge, but other problems require the expertise of a veterinarian. A good management practice is to know your own limitations.

 Biologics  Contagious  External parasites  Internal parasites  Intradermal  Intramuscular  Intraperitoneal  Intraruminal  Intravenous  Natural immunity  Non-contagious  Sanitation  Species immunity  Subcutaneous

 Review Quiz 1