McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Investors and the Investment Process CHAPTER 21

21-2 Overview of the Investment Process Specify objectives Identify constraints Formulate an investment policy Monitor performance Reevaluate and modify portfolio as determined from monitoring

21-3 Specifying Objectives: Individual Investors Balance risk and return Balance risk and return Life Cycle is critical to the process of determining the risk/return trade-off Life Cycle is critical to the process of determining the risk/return trade-off Younger investors - willing to bear more risk for higher returns Older investors - willing to accept lower returns for lower risk

21-4 Table 21-1 Amount of Risk Investors Said That They Were Willing to Take by Age

21-5 Specifying Objectives: Personal Trusts and Mutual Funds Personal Trusts –Determined by the individual for whom the funds are being managed Mutual Funds –Varies with type of fund –Detailed in the prospectus

21-6 Specifying Objectives: Pension Funds and Endowments Pension Funds –Defined contribution - shifted to the individual –Defined benefit - depends on average time to retirement of individuals Endowment Funds –Gifts to nonprofits are invested –Funds from the endowment used by the nonprofit

21-7 Specifying Objectives: Insurance Companies Life Companies –Investments are hedged against potential claims of policy holders Non-Life Companies –Invest premiums not paid back to policyholders for loss –Hedge against potential claims

21-8 Specify Objectives: Banks Sources of funds: deposits and borrowed funds Investment of funds: predominately in loans and fixed income securities Active in the securitized loan and asset markets Not active in equity except in the Trust Function

21-9 Investor Constraints Liquidity - speed and ease with which as asset can be converted into cash Liquidity - speed and ease with which as asset can be converted into cash Investment Horizon - the planned liquidation date Investment Horizon - the planned liquidation date Regulations - specific regulations that may apply to the investor Regulations - specific regulations that may apply to the investor Prudent Man Rule Mutual Fund Diversification Charitable contribution limits

21-10 Investor Constraints Tax Considerations - special considerations related to tax position of the investor Tax Considerations - special considerations related to tax position of the investor Unique Needs - special considerations related to the underlying investors Unique Needs - special considerations related to the underlying investors Diversification requirements related to employment

21-11 Investment Policy: Asset Allocation Decision Individual - depends on life cycle Individual - depends on life cycle Younger Higher equity 75% Lower safe assets 25% Lower safe assets 25% Older Lower equity 40% Higher safe assets 60% Higher safe assets 60% Institutional - depends on objectives Institutional - depends on objectives Example - an all stock mutual fund would want nearly 100% in stock Sector or Region allocations

21-12 Top-Down Policy for Institutional Investors Structured to promote efficiency Asset universe Approved list of companies for the asset groups

21-13 Figure 21-1 Asset Allocation and Security Selection for Palatial Investments

21-14 Investment Policy: Active or PassiveActive Trying to secure better than average performance Must balance returns and costs Passive Trying to get average returns rather than do better than the market Mix of Passive and Active