Infection Control Infection Control UNIT-F UNIT-F

Microorganisms or Microbes Small living organisms Small living organisms Not visible to the naked eye Not visible to the naked eye Microscope must be used to see them Microscope must be used to see them Found everywhere in the environment Found everywhere in the environment Found on and in the human body Found on and in the human body Many are part of normal flora of body Many are part of normal flora of body May be beneficial May be beneficial

Microorganisms This consist of any organism that can be seen with the aid of a microscope This consist of any organism that can be seen with the aid of a microscope Also known as microbe Also known as microbe

Microbe Classifications Bacteria Bacteria Protozoa Protozoa Fungi Fungi Rickettsiae Rickettsiae Viruses Viruses

Pathogens Also known as germs Disease producing organism At times, non-pathogens can become pathogenic when it is present in another body system. –Ex. E. Coli

Non-Pathogens Microorganisms that are part of the normal flora and are beneficial in maintaining certain body processes

Bacteria Simple, one-celled organisms that multiply rapidly Simple, one-celled organisms that multiply rapidly Some are beneficial and some cause disease Some are beneficial and some cause disease Classified by shape and arrangement Classified by shape and arrangement –Cocci- round or spherical in shape –Bacilli- rod-shaped –Spirilla- spiral or corkscrew in shape

Flesh Eating Bacteria Necrotising fasciitis (NF) NF is a bacterial infection that attacks the soft tissue and the fascia which covers the muscles. NF can occur from minor trama but is usually related to surgery. The NF Bacteria is commonly called strep type A.

Protozoa One-celled animals often found in decayed materials and contaminated water One-celled animals often found in decayed materials and contaminated water May contain flagella, which allows better movement May contain flagella, which allows better movement Some are pathogenic and cause disease Some are pathogenic and cause disease –Ex. Malaria, amebic dysentery trichomonas, and African sleeping disease

Fungi Simple, plantlike organisms that live on dead organic matter. Simple, plantlike organisms that live on dead organic matter. Yeast and molds are two common forms that can be pathogenic Yeast and molds are two common forms that can be pathogenic Cause diseases Cause diseases –Ex. Ring worm, athlete’s foot, thrush, histopasmosis, and yeast vaginitis Cannot be killed by antibiotics Cannot be killed by antibiotics

Fungus Cont. Antifungal medications are available for pathogenic fungi Antifungal medications are available for pathogenic fungi –Must be taken internally for long periods of time and may cause liver damage

Penicillium Athletes Foot Ring Worm

Rickettsiae Micro parasite that lives within an organism Micro parasite that lives within an organism Commonly found in fleas, lice, ticks, and mites Commonly found in fleas, lice, ticks, and mites Transmitted to humans by the bites of these insects Transmitted to humans by the bites of these insects

Rickettsiae Causes diseases Causes diseases –Ex. Typhus fever and Rocky Mountain spotted fever Antibiotics are effective against many different rickettsiae Antibiotics are effective against many different rickettsiae

Viruses Lives on living cells Lives on living cells Smallest microorganisms Smallest microorganisms Visible only through electron microscope. Visible only through electron microscope.

Viruses Visible only through electron microscope Visible only through electron microscope Cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cell Cannot reproduce unless they are inside another living cell Spread human to human by blood and other body secretions Spread human to human by blood and other body secretions

Viruses Difficult to kill because they are resistant to many disinfectants and are not affected by antibiotics Difficult to kill because they are resistant to many disinfectants and are not affected by antibiotics Causes diseases Causes diseases

Hepatitis B

Also known as Serum hepatitis Also known as Serum hepatitis Caused by HBV virus and is transmitted by blood, serum, and other body secretions Caused by HBV virus and is transmitted by blood, serum, and other body secretions Affects the liver, leads to scarring or destruction of liver cells Affects the liver, leads to scarring or destruction of liver cells Life long infection Life long infection Cirrhosis of liver Cirrhosis of liver

Hepatitis C Caused by HCV virus Caused by HCV virus Transmitted by blood and blood containing fluids Transmitted by blood and blood containing fluids Referred to as ‘silent epidemic’ Referred to as ‘silent epidemic’ Sometimes don’t experience symptoms for decades after infection Sometimes don’t experience symptoms for decades after infection No vaccination, unlike Hep B No vaccination, unlike Hep B

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Caused by the HIV virus (Human immunodeficiency virus) Caused by the HIV virus (Human immunodeficiency virus) Suppresses immune system Suppresses immune system Contracted by body fluids Contracted by body fluids

Endogenous Infection or disease originating within the body Infection or disease originating within the body Include metabolic disorders, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and infections caused by microorganisms Include metabolic disorders, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and infections caused by microorganisms

Exogenous Infection or disease originating outside of the body Include pathogenic organisms that invade body, radiation, chemical agents, trauma, electric shock, and temperature extremes

Aerobic Organisms that need oxygen to live. Escherichia coli

Anaerobic Lives without oxygen. Facultative Bacteria

Noscomial Pertaining to or originating in a health care facility such as a hospital Pertaining to or originating in a health care facility such as a hospital Usually transmitted from health care worker to the patient Usually transmitted from health care worker to the patient Antibiotic-resistant Antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus, pseudomonas, and enterococci Staphylococcus, pseudomonas, and enterococci

Opportunistic Infections that occur when bodies immune systems are weak Infections that occur when bodies immune systems are weak Do not usually occur within individuals with good immune systems Do not usually occur within individuals with good immune systems –Ex. Kaposi’s sarcoma or neumocystis carinii

Asepsis Being free from infection Being free from infection Any object or area that may contain pathogens is considered to be contaminated Any object or area that may contain pathogens is considered to be contaminated Aseptic techniques are directed toward maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or preventing contamination Aseptic techniques are directed toward maintaining cleanliness and eliminating or preventing contamination

What is this??? Fungus

What is this??? Bacteria

What is this??? Protozoa

What is this???? Rickettsia

What is this???? Virus – Bird Flu