1. Bell Work 11/9 Do you know what types of medication you take if you have a ear or eye infections? Antibiotics Antivirals Do you know two types of microorganisms that cause illness? Bacteria Viruses Protozoa Fungi And more Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 1

2. Unit 13 Infection Control

3. 13:1 Understanding the Principles of Infection Control Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3 Understanding is essential to all health care workers Provide a basic knowledge of how disease is transmitted Goal is prevention of disease

4. Microorganisms or Microbes Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4 Small living organisms Not visible to the naked eye Microscope must be used to see them Found everywhere in the environment Found on and in the human body Many are part of normal flora of body May be beneficial

5. Microorganisms or Microbes (continued) Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5 Called nonpathogens when not harmful to the body Some cause infections and disease Called pathogens when able to harm the body Sometimes nonpathogenic microorganisms can become pathogenic E Coli Staphylococcus

6. Microbe Classifications Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 6 Bacteria Protozoa Fungi Rickettsiae Viruses

7. Bacteria Simple, one-celled organisms Multiply rapidly Classified by shape and arrangement Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7

8. Bacteria – Cocci Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 8 Round or spherical in shape Diplococci cause gonorrhea, meningitis, and pneumonia Streptococci cause strep throat and rheumatic fever Staphylococci cause boils, wound infections, and toxic shock

9. Bacteria – Bacilli Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9 Rod-shaped Occur singly, in pairs, or in chains May have flagella Diseases caused by bacilli include tuberculosis, tetanus, pertussis, and diphtheria.

10. Bacteria – Spirilla and Spirochetes Spiral or corkscrew shape Some spirochetes live in water others are ticks and lice Diseases include Lyme disease (spirochete), syphilis, and cholera (spirilla). Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10

11. Antibiotics Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11 Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria Some strains of bacteria have become antibiotic-resistant When antibiotic-resistant, the antibiotic is no longer effective against the bacteria

12. Protozoa One-celled, animal-like organism Found in decayed materials and contaminated water May have flagella for movement Some are pathogenic Protozoa infection causes malaria, amebic dysentery, and trichomonas Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12

13. Fungi Simple, plant-like organisms Live on dead organic matter Yeast and molds are two forms that can be pathogenic Ringworm, athletes foot, and trush are from fungi Antibiotics do not kill Antifungal medications Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 13

14. Rickettsiae Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 14 Parasitic microorganisms Cannot live outside the cells of another living organism (a host) Transmitted to humans by the bites of insects (e.g., fleas, lice, ticks, mites) Rickettsiae causes typhus, and rocky mountain spotted fever Antibiotics are effective against some

15. Viruses Smallest microorganisms Must use electron microscope to see Must be inside another living cell to reproduce Spread by blood and body secretions Very difficult to kill Hepatitis, HIV, chicken pox, influenza and polio are some diseases that are spread by a virus. Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 15

16. Virus – Hepatitis B Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 16 Transmitted by blood and body secretions Affects the liver – hepat/liver itis/inflammation Can survive several days in dried blood Vaccine available for protection Most children in the state of Alaska have been immunized against Hep. B

17. Hepatitis C Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 17 Transmitted by blood and blood-containing body fluids Can survive several days in dried blood Many infected individuals don’t feel sick Others have mild symptoms Can cause severe liver damage Currently, no vaccine ready for use

18. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 18 Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV ) Suppresses the immune system Individual becomes susceptible to cancers and infections that would not affect a healthy person No cure and no vaccine Understanding Viruses

19. Growth of Microorganisms Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 19 Most prefer warm environments Most prefer darkness Need source of food and moisture Need for oxygen varies Human body is ideal supplier for all the things listed above

20. How Pathogens Cause Infection and Disease Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 20 Some produce poisons called toxins Some cause an allergic reaction Others attach and destroy the living cells they invade

21. Classifications of Diseases and Infections Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21 Endogenous Originates within the body Examples: metabolic disorders, congenital abnormalities, tumors, and infections caused by microorganisms within the body Exogenous Originates outside the body Examples: radiation, chemical agents, trauma, electric shock, and temperature extremes

22. Classifications of Diseases and Infections Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 22 Nosocomial Acquired in a health care facility Many are antibiotic-resistant (MRSA) Can cause serious and even life-threatening infections Opportunistic Infections that occur when the body’s defenses are down Usually do not occur in normal immune system Examples: Kaposi’s sarcoma (rare type of cancer) and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in individuals with AIDS

23. Bell work 11/14, 11/15 What type of infection originates in a medical facility? What type of infection occurs when the bodies defenses are down? What is the best thing you can do to keep from getting sick? Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 23

24. Chain of Infection Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24 Must be present for disease to occur and spread from one individual to another Causative agent A pathogen Reservoir Where it can live Portal of exit Way to escape the reservoir Mode of transmission Way it can be transmitted Portal of entry How it enters the new host Susceptible host Person who is likely to get sick

25. Common Body Defenses Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25 These things help us from getting sick Mucous membranes Cilia Coughing and sneezing HCL in the stomach Tears Fever Inflammation response – leukocytes Immune response – antibodies and cell secretion

26. Ending the Chain of Infection Copyright © 2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26 Eliminate any step in the chain and infection is stopped Follow practices to interrupt or break the chain Remember, pathogens are everywhere Prevention is a continuous process